Genetic options to replace dehorning in beef cattle—a review

2007 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. Prayaga
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Chromosome 1 ◽  
Current State ◽  
Large Scope ◽  
Genetic Level ◽  
New Research

Breeding polled cattle is a long-term solution to problems commonly associated with horned cattle. The current practice of dehorning does not eradicate the problem and is an animal-welfare concern. The present study reviews the current state of knowledge on the genetic basis of polled inheritance in cattle. The poll/horn condition is presumed to be under a relatively complex mode of inheritance whereby poll, scur, and African horn genes segregate independently, but interact with each other to produce polled, scurred, and horned animals. Molecular genetic studies have mapped the polled gene to a specific region on bovine chromosome 1 in Bos taurus animals, but the actual gene is still to be located. Scur and African horn genes have not been studied extensively at a molecular genetic level. With the current advances in molecular genetics and statistical methods, there is large scope to undertake new research programs to develop DNA tests that identify homozygous/heterozygous animals for poll, scur, and African horn genes. This would assist faster introgression of the polled condition into beef cattle populations. Existing scientific evidence to counter or support industry perceptions about the production-related issues of the polled condition are presented.

Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Plasma Half-Life Determination and Long-Term Tissue Distribution in Beef Cattle (Bos taurus)

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (51) ◽  
pp. 10988-10994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara J. Lupton ◽  
Kerry L. Dearfield ◽  
John J. Johnston ◽  
Sarah Wagner ◽  
Janice K. Huwe
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Tissue Distribution ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Perfluorooctane Sulfonate ◽  
Plasma Half Life

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Lithium in the Long-Term Treatment of Bipolar Disorders: An Update 2018

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (05) ◽  
pp. 173-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuel Severus ◽  
Michael Bauer ◽  
John Geddes
Keyword(s):  
Atypical Antipsychotic ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Bipolar Disorders ◽  
Manic Episode ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Individualized Care ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Continuation Treatment ◽  
New Research

AbstractFor more than 40 years, lithium has been the gold standard in the long-term treatment of bipolar disorders. In the course of the last 15 years, other drugs have been approved in this indication and are widely used in clinical practice at the expense of lithium. New research from the last few years, however, indicates that lithium is still the first-line treatment in this indication. Against this background and lithium’s proven acute antimanic efficacy, we should perhaps be using lithium more regularly (in combination with an atypical antipsychotic, if necessary) right from the start for the acute treatment of a manic episode and, once remission has been achieved and euthymia maintained during continuation treatment, to regularly taper off the atypical antipsychotic, if possible, and continue with lithium as monotherapy for prophylactic treatment. This might lead to lithium being used more consistently with the scientific evidence in the long-term treatment of bipolar disorders. It remains uncertain, however, to predict who will respond to and tolerate lithium prophylactically, and more research is needed to deliver the best possible individualized care to our patients.

Biodiversity at the molecular genetic level: experiences from disparate macroorganisms

1994 ◽  
Vol 345 (1311) ◽  
pp. 59-64 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
Genetic Level ◽  
Management Policies ◽  
Term Maintenance

Genetic variation is the basis of adaptive flexibility in populations and is the ultimate evolutionary basis of much species and community-level diversity. Accordingly, the preservation and maintenance of genetic diversity has a high priority in many conservation programmes. This paper discusses how genetic diversity is measured at the molecular level, including some newer measures made possible with restriction site or DNA sequence data as well as the development of a phylogenetic approach to assessing the significance of genetic variation within a species. These measures of genetic diversity are then used to re-examine the validity of the 50/500 rule of conservation biology; a rule that states that populations should have no fewer than 50 individuals for short-term maintenance of genetic variation and no fewer than 500 individuals for long-term maintenance. Both the 50 and 500 parts of this rule are found to be invalid and frequently misleading. Instead of invoking ‘universal’ rules, conservation biologists should recognize the role of biodiversity in management policies. Not all species are the same, and we need more research and a willingness to try novel approaches rather than naively apply a ‘rule’ that has no demonstrable generality.

CURRENT STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES OF THE CASPIAN SPRAT FISHERIES

2018 ◽  
pp. 69-75
Author(s):  
Tatiana Vasilievna Pomogaeva ◽  
Aliya Ahmetovna Aseinova ◽  
Yuriy Aleksandrovich Paritskiy ◽  
Vjacheslav Petrovich Razinkov
Keyword(s):  
Food Item ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
North West ◽  
Marine Fishery ◽  
The North ◽  
Current State ◽  
West Part ◽  
Eggs And Larvae ◽  
Intensive Growth

The article presents annual statistical data of the Caspian Research Institute of Fishery. There has been kept track of the long term dynamics of the stocks of three species of Caspian sprat (anchovy, big-eyed kilka, sprat) and investigated a process of substituting a food item of sprats Eurytemora grimmi to a small-celled copepod species Acartia tonsa Dana. According to the research results, there has been determined growth potential of stocks of each species. Ctenophoran-Mnemiopsis has an adverse effect on sprat population by eating fish eggs and larvae. Ctenophoram - Mnemiopsis is a nutritional competitor to the full-grown fishes. The article gives recommendations on reclamation of stocks of the most perspective species - common sprat, whose biological characteristics helped not to suffer during Ctenophoram outburst and to increase its population during change of the main food item. Hydroacoustic survey data prove the intensive growth of common sprat biomass in the north-west part of the Middle Caspian. According to the results of the research it may be concluded that to realize the volumes of recommended sprat catch it is necessary to organize the marine fishery of common sprat at the Russian Middle Caspian shelf.

Apophysites – Revue de la littérature et ­nouvelles directions

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Ossification Center ◽  
Health Staff ◽  
Optimal Management ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Youth Athlete ◽  
Pathology Education ◽  
Main Factor

Apophysitis are part of the growth-related diseases within youth athlete population. Despite their high incidence within this growing cohort, many doubts remain. The physiopathology is still debated. Initially, the fragmentation of the ossification center was seen as the main factor of the disease. For few years, this theory has been questioned due to consistent signs of tendon suffering. Apophysitis may have some negative long-term effect on a sporting career. There is currently poor scientific evidence on the optimal management and no treatment has been widely accepted. Prevention remains the most powerful intervention in this particular pathology. Education of the athlete’s sporting entourage (family, coaches and health staff) and the athlete himself is necessary to act quickly and adapt the training load to decrease mechanical stress on the suffering apophysis.

Epidemiology and Genetics of OCD: A Review and Discussion of Future Directions for Research

CNS Spectrums ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald W. Black
Keyword(s):  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Care Utilization ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Adoption Studies ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Behavioral Treatments ◽  
New Research

AbstractThe author reviews both the epidemiology and the genetics of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). A relatively common disorder, OCD has an onset in late adolescence or early adulthood. Its gender distribution is nearly equal, although women are slightly more likely to develop the disorder. Usually chronic, OCD fluctuates depending on factors including the presence of depressed mood or stressful life events. OCD is associated with substantial psychiatric comorbidity, it affects quality of life, and it affects health care utilization. Many questions remain unanswered, such as whether its natural history has changed with the advent of effective therapies, and to what extent patients with OCD are disabled.There are no adoption studies of OCD, but reports of twins suggest greater monozygotic than dizygotic concordance. Family study results are not entirely consistent, probably because of differences in study methods, but tend to show that OCD is familial. They also show a genetic relationship to subclinical OCD and Tourette's syndrome. Molecular genetic studies are just getting under way. Important issues remain to be answered, including defining the extent of an OCD spectrum of disorders, and determining what constitutes an OCD phenotype.The author concludes by recommending that further studies on OCD involve samples from the general population rather than clinic- or hospital-based samples, which are inherently biased for severity.The past 15 years have been exciting for psychiatric researchers interested in the epidemiology and genetics of OCD. Combined with ongoing development of effective pharmacologic and behavioral treatments, new research in these areas has affected how physicians think about OCD, as well as how we clinically manage patients. More work needs to be done, as many important questions about both the epidemiology and genetics of OCD remain unanswered.

scholarly journals Depression following traumatic brain injury: a comprehensive overview

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Fakhoury ◽  
Zaynab Shakkour ◽  
Firas Kobeissy ◽  
Nada Lawand
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
First Year ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Current State ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Brain Changes

Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a major health concern affecting the neuropsychological health; TBI is accompanied by drastic long-term adverse complications that can influence many aspects of the life of affected individuals. A substantial number of studies have shown that mood disorders, particularly depression, are the most frequent complications encountered in individuals with TBI. Post-traumatic depression (P-TD) is present in approximately 30% of individuals with TBI, with the majority of individuals experiencing symptoms of depression during the first year following head injury. To date, the mechanisms of P-TD are far from being fully understood, and effective treatments that completely halt this condition are still lacking. The aim of this review is to outline the current state of knowledge on the prevalence and risk factors of P-TD, to discuss the accompanying brain changes at the anatomical, molecular and functional levels, and to discuss current approaches used for the treatment of P-TD.

scholarly journals Converging Robotic Technologies in Targeted Neural Rehabilitation: A Review of Emerging Solutions and Challenges

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 2084
Author(s):  
Kostas Nizamis ◽  
Alkinoos Athanasiou ◽  
Sofia Almpani ◽  
Christos Dimitrousis ◽  
Alexander Astaras
Keyword(s):  
Point Of Care ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Technological Evolution ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Specific Patient ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Hybrid Solutions ◽  
New Research ◽  
Rehabilitation Robotic

Recent advances in the field of neural rehabilitation, facilitated through technological innovation and improved neurophysiological knowledge of impaired motor control, have opened up new research directions. Such advances increase the relevance of existing interventions, as well as allow novel methodologies and technological synergies. New approaches attempt to partially overcome long-term disability caused by spinal cord injury, using either invasive bridging technologies or noninvasive human–machine interfaces. Muscular dystrophies benefit from electromyography and novel sensors that shed light on underlying neuromotor mechanisms in people with Duchenne. Novel wearable robotics devices are being tailored to specific patient populations, such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, and amputated individuals. In addition, developments in robot-assisted rehabilitation may enhance motor learning and generate movement repetitions by decoding the brain activity of patients during therapy. This is further facilitated by artificial intelligence algorithms coupled with faster electronics. The practical impact of integrating such technologies with neural rehabilitation treatment can be substantial. They can potentially empower nontechnically trained individuals—namely, family members and professional carers—to alter the programming of neural rehabilitation robotic setups, to actively get involved and intervene promptly at the point of care. This narrative review considers existing and emerging neural rehabilitation technologies through the perspective of replacing or restoring functions, enhancing, or improving natural neural output, as well as promoting or recruiting dormant neuroplasticity. Upon conclusion, we discuss the future directions for neural rehabilitation research, diagnosis, and treatment based on the discussed technologies and their major roadblocks. This future may eventually become possible through technological evolution and convergence of mutually beneficial technologies to create hybrid solutions.

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