Utilisation of wild Cicer in chickpea improvement — progress, constraints, and prospects

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 429 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Croser ◽  
F. Ahmad ◽  
H. J. Clarke ◽  
K. H. M. Siddique
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Cicer Species ◽  
Cultivated Species ◽  
Wild Cicer Species ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Primary Focus

Efforts to improve the yield and quality of cultivated chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) are constrained by a low level of intraspecific genetic diversity. Increased genetic diversity can be achieved via the hybridisation of the cultivated species with the unimproved 'wild' relatives from within the 43 species of the Cicer genus. To date, the 8 species sharing an annual growth habit and chromosome number with C. arietinum have been the primary focus of screening and introgression efforts. Screening of these species has uncovered morphological characteristics and resistance to a number of abiotic and biotic stresses that are of potential value to chickpea improvement programs. Detailed analysis of protein and DNA, karyotyping, and crossability studies have begun to elucidate the relationships between the annual Cicer species. In comparison, perennial species have received little attention due to difficulties in collection, propagation, and evaluation. This review discusses the progress towards an understanding of genetic relationships between the Cicer species, and the introgression of genes from the wild Cicer species into the cultivated species.

scholarly journals Assessment of genetic diversity in Indian Barnyard millet (Echinochloa spp. complex) using morphological and molecular markers

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1643-1648 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Moharil ◽  
Dipti Gawai ◽  
N. Dikshit ◽  
M.S. Dudhare ◽  
P. V. Jadhav
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Molecular Diversity ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Barnyard Millet ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Cultivated Species ◽  
High Degree

In the present study, morphological and molecular markers (RAPD primers) were used to analyze the genetic diversity and genetic relationships among 21 accessions of Echinochloa spp. complex comprising the wild and cultivated species collected from Melghat and adjoining regions of Vidarbha, Maharashtra. The availability of diverse genetic resources is a prerequisite for genetic improvement of any crop including barnyard millet. A high degree of molecular diversity among the landraces was detected. Among the 21 genotypes, two major groups (A and B) were formed, at 67.28 % similarity, which clearly encompasses 15 accessions of E. frumentacea and 6 accessions of E. colona. Higher similarity was observed in accessions of E. frumentacea. The accessions IC 597322 and IC 597323 also IC 597302 and IC 597304 showed more than 94% similarity among themselves. The classification of genetic diversity has enabled clear-cut grouping of barnyard millet accessions into two morphological races (E. frumentacea and E. colona).

Conservation and management of genetic diversity: a domestic animal perspective

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 588-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
J SF Barker
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Domestic Animal ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Animal Diversity ◽  
Gene Complexes ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Primary Focus

In the context of domestic animal diversity, the term "breed" is conventionally used for all recognized populations. There are in total about 5000 breeds, a small proportion of which are in planned programs for genetic improvement, while about 30% are at risk of extinction. The primary focus is on the conservation of breeds, including management for better utilization (breeding programs) and conserving those at risk, with the aim of minimizing the loss of among breed diversity. The majority of the world's breeds are in the developing countries, with production environments that are low to medium input and high stress, and each may be expected to have adapted to its specific environment. Empirical evidence strongly supports the expectation that the genetic basis of population differentiation for fitness traits will be nonadditive, with different adaptive gene complexes evolved in each breed. Genetic improvement programs therefore should start with an adapted population, with selection then for production traits. As not all breeds can be conserved, priorities must be determined. Suggested criteria (breed divergence, risk of breed extinction, breed "merit," and within-breed variation) are presented and evaluated. Similar approaches may be appropriate for the conservation of genetic diversity of forest trees.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity and morphological characteristics of native seashore paspalum in Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahayu Rahayu ◽  
Fatimah Suwardjo ◽  
Ji Bae Eun ◽  
Geun Mo Yang ◽  
Soo Choi Joon
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Seashore Paspalum ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Marker Cluster

Abstract. Rahayu, Fatimah, Bae EJ, Mo YG, Choi JS. 2020. Genetic diversity and morphological characteristics of native seashore paspalum in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 4981-4989. Seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum) is a warm-season turfgrass indigenous to tropical and coastal areas worldwide. The objectives of this study were to measure the genetic diversity and genetic variation of Indonesian seashore paspalum germplasm. Three turf quality, six morphological characters, and ten SSR (microsatellite) markers were used to assess genetic relationships and genetic variation among 22 germplasm resources from Indonesia and one commercial variety (Salam) from United States of America. The results showed significant variation for five morphological characters among 23 tested seashore paspalum accessions. The cluster analysis of morphological characters of 23 seashore paspalum accessions using 0,6 cut off divided into three morphological types: tall high-density, intermediate, and dwarf low-density ecotype. The genetic variation revealed 22 alleles with average number of alleles per locus was 2 and polymorphism information content (PIC) values average was 0.33. The microsatellite marker cluster analysis showed that 23 seashore paspalum accessions were grouped into two major groups, with a genetic similarity coefficient was 0,72. The low level of genetic diversity occurred among Indonesia natural grass germplasm and the genetic distance was relatively low between Indonesian germplasm and Salam variety. The genetic diversity and morphological characteristics will be useful for further study and utilization of Indonesian seashore paspalum germplasm.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity of Alternaria species associated with black point in wheat grains

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ainur Turzhanova ◽  
Oxana N. Khapilina ◽  
Asem Tumenbayeva ◽  
Vladislav Shevtsov ◽  
Olesya Raiser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Primer Binding Site ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Black Point ◽  
Cereal Products ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Alternaria Species

The genus Alternaria is a widely distributed major plant pathogen that can act as a saprophyte in plant debris. Fungi of this genus frequently infect cereal crops and cause such diseases as black point and wheat leaf blight, which decrease the yield and quality of cereal products. A total of 25 Alternaria sp. isolates were collected from germ grains of various wheat cultivars from different geographic regions in Kazakhstan. We investigated the genetic relationships of the main Alternaria species related to black point disease of wheat in Kazakhstan, using the inter-primer binding site (iPBS) DNA profiling technique. We used 25 retrotransposon-based iPBS primers to identify the differences among and within Alternaria species populations, and analyzed the variation using clustering (UPGMA) and statistical approaches (AMOVA). Isolates of Alternaria species clustered into two main genetic groups, with species of A.alternata and A.tennuissima forming one cluster, and isolates of A. infectoria forming another. The genetic diversity found using retrotransposon profiles was strongly correlated with geographic data. Overall, the iPBS fingerprinting technique is highly informative and useful for the evaluation of genetic diversity and relationships of Alternaria species.

scholarly journals Grouping Bread Wheat Genotypes and Lines based on Some Morphological Traits Using Multivariate Analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 13-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Pasandi ◽  
M. Janmohammadi ◽  
Z. Movahedi ◽  
N. Sabaghnia
Keyword(s):  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Yellow Rust ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Good Resistance ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Improvement Programs

AbstractThe knowledge about the extent of variability among bread wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) genotypes is a high value for the genetic improvement programs and the efficient genetic diversity utilization of plant materials. The objective of this research was to assess the morphological characteristics of 56 common wheat genotypes which were planted under field condition and their morphological traits were recorded. The principal components (PC) analysis, factor analysis and clustering procedure were applied to group genotypes according to similarity on the basis of the measured traits. Results showed that the first two PCs explain 41% of the total variation. The PC and factor analyses grouped genotypes into four groups while the cluster analysis grouped them into five distinct clusters. The cluster I had good resistance to yellow rust and salinity while the cluster II, had good resistance to drought, cold and salinity. The cluster III had high tolerance to cold stress and low temperatures but the cluster IV had good tolerance to drought, brown rust and yellow rust. Also, cluster V had various properties including tolerance abiotic stresses, resistance to biotic stresses, resistant to lodging and semi-dwarf property. The results of this research will support efforts of conservation and utilization of genotypes in bread wheat breeding programs.

scholarly journals Development of genomic simple sequence repeat markers for Glycyrrhiza lepidota and cross-amplification of other Glycyrrhiza species

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7479
Author(s):  
Jun Hyoung Bang ◽  
Chi Eun Hong ◽  
Sebastin Raveendar ◽  
Kyong Hwan Bang ◽  
Kyung Ho Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Simple Sequence Repeat ◽  
Sequence Information ◽  
Sequence Repeat ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Molecular Studies ◽  
Cultivated Species ◽  
Simple Sequence ◽  
Genomic Simple Sequence Repeat

Background Licorice (Glycyrrhiza spp. L.) is used as a natural sweetener and medicinal herb in European and Asian countries. Molecular studies have been conducted to find differences between wild and cultivated species because most wild species are highly resistant to abiotic and biotic stresses compared with their cultivated species. However, few molecular markers have been developed for studying the genetic diversity and population structure of licorice species and to identify differences between cultivars. Thus, the present study aimed to develop a set of genomic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for molecular studies of these species. Methods In the present study, we developed polymorphic SSR markers based on whole-genomesequence data of Glycyrrhiza lepidota. Then, based on the sequence information, the polymorphic SSR markers were developed. The SSR markers were applied to 23 Glycyrrhiza individual plants. We also evaluated the phylogenetic relationships and interspecies transferability among samples. Results The genetic diversity analysis using these markers identified 2–23 alleles, and the major allele frequency, observed heterozygosity, genetic diversity, and polymorphism information content were 0.11–0.91, 0–0.90, 0.17–0.94, and 0.15–0.93, respectively. Interspecies transferability values were 93.5%, 91.6%, and 91.1% for G. echinata, G. glabra, and G. uralensis, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis clustered cultivated (group 1) and wild (group 2) species into three and two subgroups, respectively. The reported markers represent a valuable resource for the genetic characteri z ation of Glycyrrhiza spp. for theanalysis of its genetic variability, and as a tool for licorice transferability. This is the first intraspecific study in a collection of Glycyrrhiza spp. germplasm using SSR markers.

Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships in Vigna Savi germplasm revealed by DNA amplification fingerprinting

Genome ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 538-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.V. Simon ◽  
A.-M. Benko-Iseppon ◽  
L.V. Resende ◽  
P. Winter ◽  
G. Kahl
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Dna Amplification ◽  
Maximum Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Cowpea Cultivars ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cultivated Species ◽  
Few Data

The pantropical genus Vigna (Leguminosae) comprises 7 cultivated species that are adapted to a wide range of extreme agroclimatic conditions. Few data are available on the relationships among these cultivated species or on their importance as sources of resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, we optimized DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF) to estimate the genetic diversity within, and genetic relationships among, a representative core collection of cowpea, as compared with 16 accessions representing cultivars from 6 Vigna species. A set of 26 primers was selected from 262 tested random primers and used for the characterization of 85 Vigna accessions (6 V. angularis , 4 each of V. mungo and V. radiata , 2 V. umbellata , 1 V. aconitifolia , and 68 V. unguiculata ), with Phaseolus vulgaris subsp. vulgaris as outgroup. A total of 212 polymorphic bands were used for maximum parsimony analysis. Our results clearly distinguished Brazilian from African V. unguiculata genotypes. At the species level, V. angularis was the most related and V. radiata the most divergent species relative to V. unguiculata. DAF markers were also informative at the intraspecific level, detecting a large diversity between cowpea cultivars. The implications of the presented results for cowpea breeding programs are discussed.

scholarly journals Genome Size and Seed Mass Analyses in Cicer arietinum (Chickpea) and Wild Cicer Species

HortScience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 1751-1756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumin Kim ◽  
Mengqiao Han ◽  
A. Lane Rayburn
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Cicer Arietinum ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Perennial Species ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Cicer Species ◽  
Cultivated Species ◽  
Wild Cicer Species

The genome size of cultivated Cicer arietinum and 12 wild Cicer sp. including seven annual and five perennial species were analyzed using flow cytometry. A significant 2C genome size variation was observed among the Cicer sp. The 2C genome size ranged from 1.00 pg in wild species, Cicer judaicum, to 1.76 pg in cultivated species, C. arietinum. The wild perennial species all had a genome size of ≈1.6 pg. Most if not all of this genome size variation occurred among wild annual species. A significant positive correlation between 2C genome size and seed mass was observed among 12 wild Cicer sp. at α = 0.05. However, artificial selection appears to decrease nucleotype effects in cultivated C. arietinum, which resulted in no correlation between seed mass and genome size at α = 0.05.

scholarly journals A systematic revision of Capparaceae and Cleomaceae in Egypt: an evaluation of the generic delimitations of Capparis and Cleome using ecological and genetic diversity

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Abd. S. El zayat ◽  
Mahmoud El Sayd Ali ◽  
Mohamed Hamdy Amar
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Systematic Position ◽  
Diversity Analysis ◽  
Polymorphic Markers ◽  
Ecological Distribution ◽  
Specific Group ◽  
Systematic Revision ◽  
Dna Evidence ◽  
The Family

Abstract Background The Capparaceae family is commonly recognized as a caper, while Cleomaceae represents one of small flowering family within the order Brassicales. Earlier, Cleomaceae was included in the family Capparaceae; then, it was moved to a distinct family after DNA evidence. Variation in habits and a bewildering array of floral and fruit forms contributed to making Capparaceae a “trash-basket” family in which many unrelated plants were placed. Indeed, family Capparaceae and Cleomaceae are in clear need of more detailed systematic revision. Results Here, in the present study, the morphological characteristics and the ecological distribution as well as the genetic diversity analysis among the twelve species of both Capparaceae and Cleomaceae have been determined. The genetic analysis has been checked using 15 ISSR, 30 SRAP, and 18 ISTR to assess the systematic knots between the two families. In order to detect the molecular phylogeny, a comparative analysis of the three markers was performed based on the exposure of discriminating capacity, efficiency, and phylogenetic heatmap. Our results indicated that there is a morphological and ecological variation between the two families. Moreover, the molecular analysis confirmed that ISTR followed by SRAP markers has superior discriminating capacity for describing the genetic diversity and is able to simultaneously distinguish many polymorphic markers per reaction. Indeed, both the PCA and HCA data have drawn a successful annotation relationship in Capparaceae and Cleome species to evaluate whether the specific group sort individual or overlap groups. Conclusion The outcomes of the morphological and ecological characterization along with the genetic diversity indicated an insight solution thorny interspecies in Cleome and Gynandropsis genera as a distinct family (Cleomaceae) and the other genera (Capparis, Cadaba, Boscia, and Maerua) as Capparaceae. Finally, we recommended further studies to elucidate the systematic position of Dipterygium glaucum.

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