Crop productivity in relation to species of previous crops and management of previous pasture

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 1271 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Harris ◽  
G. J. Scammell ◽  
W. J. Müller ◽  
J. F. Angus
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Surprising Result ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Root Colonisation ◽  
Yield Increase

An experiment at Rutherglen in north-eastern Victoria compared 5 grass-removal methods in subterranean clover-based pastures that were grown before cropping sequences of canola–wheat–lupin–wheat or wheat–wheat–lupin–wheat. The cropping sequences were started in 3 successive years to provide replication in time. Grass removal from the pasture was more effective in winter than in spring and led to yield increases by the first and second crops. The largest increase (80%) was by the first canola crop after winter-cleaned pasture. The yield increase by the equivalent wheat crop was 42%. Since annual grasses and canola do not host the same root pathogens, we conclude that the yield responses were not due to root-disease control but probably to increased N supply. Assays of wheat roots confirmed that root disease was negligible throughout the experiment. Wheat growing in the year after canola yielded 11% more than wheat growing after wheat. The most surprising result was a 17% increase in the yield of wheat growing 3 years after canola compared with wheat growing 3 years after wheat, with wheat–lupin sequences in the intervening years for both systems. We suggest that canola and lupin, both of which are non-hosts of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, reduced mycorrhizal root colonisation in the fourth-year wheat crop, leading to less drain on assimilates.

Impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and earthworms on soil aggregate stability, glomalin, and performance of pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan

Soil Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary N. Muchane ◽  
Mirjam M. Pulleman ◽  
Bernard Vanlauwe ◽  
Joyce Jefwa ◽  
Thomas W. Kuyper
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Cajanus Cajan ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Aggregate Size ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Hyphal Length ◽  
Root Colonisation ◽  
Size Classes ◽  
Crop Performance ◽  
Epigeic Earthworms

Earthworms and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) modify soil physical and chemical properties. However, little is known about how their interactions affect water-stable aggregation, glomalin and crop performance. A greenhouse experiment was run for 9 months to test the effects of earthworms (endogeic, Pontoscolex corethrurus; and epigeic, Dichogaster bolaui) and AMF (none, Glomus etunicatum and Scutellospora verrucosa) on water-stable aggregation, glomalin levels in aggregate size classes and crop performance. The test crop was pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.). The soil material used for the experiment was a humic nitisol from central Kenya mixed with sand (ratio 1:1). Grass residue (equivalent to 20tha–1) was placed on top. The AMF root colonisation and external hyphal length, water-stable macroaggregates and microaggregates, total and easily-extractable glomalin in aggregate size classes, plant biomass and plant N and P uptake were measured. Earthworms were a major source of variation for soil aggregation, glomalin content and crop performance. The epigeic earthworms (D. bolaui) increased the amount of water-stable macroaggregates (by 10%) and glomalin in microaggregates and improved crop (growth and biomass) performance. The endogeic earthworms (P. corethrurus) reduced external hyphal length, root colonisation and crop performance but had no effect on water-stable aggregates and glomalin levels in in aggregate size classes. A significant AMF×earthworm interaction was observed for plant biomass and concentrations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). The AMF species together with epigeic earthworms increased plant biomass and N and P concentrations. Our results contribute to the understanding of interactions between AMF and earthworms in relation to soil aggregation, plant productivity and nutrient uptake.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can decrease the uptake of uranium by subterranean clover grown at high levels of uranium in soil

2004 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gervais Rufyikiri ◽  
Lien Huysmans ◽  
Jean Wannijn ◽  
May Van Hees ◽  
Corinne Leyval ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis of Wheat Roots Reveals a Differential Regulation of Stress Responses Related to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Soil Disturbance

Biology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catarina Campos ◽  
Tânia Nobre ◽  
Michael J. Goss ◽  
Jorge Faria ◽  
Pedro Barrulas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Cellular Division ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
New Host ◽  
Mn Toxicity

Symbioses with soil microorganisms are central in shaping the diversity and productivity of land plants and provide protection against a diversity of stresses, including metal toxicity. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can form extensive extraradical mycelial networks (ERM), which are very efficient in colonizing a new host. We quantified the responses of transcriptomes of wheat and one AMF partner, Rhizoglomus irregulare, to soil disturbance (Undisturbed vs. Disturbed) and to two different preceding mycotrophic species (Ornithopus compressus and Lolium rigidum). Soil disturbance and preceding plant species engender different AMF communities in wheat roots, resulting in a differential tolerance to soil manganese (Mn) toxicity. Soil disturbance negatively impacted wheat growth under manganese toxicity, probably due to the disruption of the ERM, and activated a large number of stress and starvation-related genes. The O. compressus treatment, which induces a greater Mn protection in wheat than L. rigidum, activated processes related to cellular division and growth, and very few related to stress. The L. rigidum treatment mostly induced genes that were related to oxidative stress, disease protection, and metal ion binding. R. irregulare cell division and molecular exchange between nucleus and cytoplasm were increased by O. compressus. These findings are highly relevant for sustainable agricultural systems, when considering a fit-for-purpose symbiosis.

scholarly journals Environmental factors driving arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities associated with endemic woody plant Picconiaazorica on native forest of Azores

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (13) ◽  
pp. 1309-1327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catarina Drumonde Melo ◽  
Christopher Walker ◽  
Claudia Krüger ◽  
Paulo A.V. Borges ◽  
Sara Luna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Natural Disturbance ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Soil Condition ◽  
Spore Density ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Environmental Filters ◽  
Root Colonisation ◽  
Amf Communities

Abstract Purpose Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play important key roles in the soil ecosystems as they link plants to the root-inaccessible part of soil. The aims of this study were to investigate which environmental factors influence the spatial and temporal structuring of AMF communities associated to Picconia azorica in two Azorean islands (Terceira and São Miguel islands), and investigate the seasonal variation in AMF communities between the two islands. Methods Communities of AMF associated with P. azorica in native forest of two Azorean islands (Terceira and São Miguel) were characterised by spore morphology or molecular analysis. Results Forty-five AMF spore morphotypes were detected from the four fragments of P. azorica forest representing nine families of AMF. Acaulosporaceae (14) and Glomeraceae (9) were the most abundant families. AMF density and root colonisation varied significantly between islands and sampling sites. Root colonisation and spore density exhibited temporal patterns, which peaked in spring and were higher in Terceira than in São Miguel. The relative contribution of environmental factors showed that factors such as elevation, relative air humidity, soil pH, and soil available P, K, and Mg influenced AMF spore production and root colonisation. Conclusion Different sporulation patterns exhibited by the members of the commonest families suggested different life strategies. Adaptation to a particular climatic and soil condition and host phenology may explain seasonal differences in sporulation patterns. Cohorts of AMF associated to P. azorica are shaped by regional processes including environmental filters such as soil properties and natural disturbance.

scholarly journals Gigaspora margarita and Its Endobacterium Modulate Symbiotic Marker Genes in Tomato Roots under Combined Water and Nutrient Stress

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 886
Author(s):  
Matteo Chialva ◽  
Luisa Lanfranco ◽  
Gianluca Guazzotti ◽  
Veronica Santoro ◽  
Mara Novero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Marker Gene ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Nutrient Stress ◽  
Growth Effect ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Gigaspora Margarita ◽  
The Difference

As members of the plant microbiota, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may be effective in enhancing plant resilience to drought, one of the major limiting factors threatening crop productivity. AMF host their own microbiota and previous data demonstrated that endobacteria thriving in Gigaspora margarita modulate fungal antioxidant responses. Here, we used the G. margarita–Candidatus Glomeribacter gigasporarum system to test whether the tripartite interaction between tomato, G. margarita and its endobacteria may improve plant resilience to combined water/nutrient stress. Tomato plants were inoculated with spores containing endobacteria (B+) or not (B-), and exposed to combined water/nutrient stress. Plants traits, AM colonization and expression of AM marker genes were measured. Results showed that mycorrhizal frequency was low and no growth effect was observed. Under control conditions, B+ inoculated plants were more responsive to the symbiosis, as they showed an up-regulation of three AM marker genes involved in phosphate and lipids metabolism compared with B− inoculated or not-inoculated plants. When combined stress was imposed, the difference between fungal strains was still evident for one marker gene. These results indicate that the fungal endobacteria finely modulate plant metabolism, even in the absence of growth response.

Pre-cropping with canola decreased Pratylenchus thornei populations, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and yield of wheat

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 399 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Owen ◽  
T. G. Clewett ◽  
J. P. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
First Year ◽  
Pratylenchus Thornei ◽  
Winter Crops ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Second Year

Root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei) significantly reduces wheat yields in the northern Australian grain region. Canola is thought to have a ‘biofumigation’ potential to control nematodes; therefore, a field experiment was designed to compare canola with other winter crops or clean-fallow for reducing P. thornei population densities and improving growth of P. thornei-intolerant wheat (cv. Batavia) in the following year. Immediately after harvest of the first-year crops, populations of P. thornei were lowest following various canola cultivars or clean-fallow (1957–5200 P. thornei/kg dry soil) and were highest following susceptible wheat cultivars (31 033–41 294/kg dry soil). Unexpectedly, at planting of the second-year wheat crop, nematode populations were at more uniform lower levels (<5000/kg dry soil), irrespective of the previous season’s treatment, and remained that way during the growing season, which was quite dry. Growth and grain yield of the second-year wheat crop were poorest on plots previously planted with canola or left fallow due to poor colonisation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, with the exception of canola cv. Karoo, which had high AM fungal colonisation and low wheat yields. There were significant regressions between growth and yield parameters of the second-year wheat and levels of AMF following the pre-crop treatments. Thus, canola appears to be a good crop for reducing P. thornei populations, but AM fungal-dependence of subsequent crops should be considered, particularly in the northern Australian grain region.

scholarly journals Impact of protein hydrolysate biostimulants on growth of barley and wheat and their interaction with symbionts and pathogens

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Stephan Schmidt ◽  
Libor Mrnka ◽  
Tomáš Frantík ◽  
Martin Bárnet ◽  
Miroslav Vosátka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Protein Hydrolysate ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Wheat Root ◽  
Pot Experiment ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Root Colonisation ◽  
Reference Protein ◽  
P Supply

We compared the biostimulant effect of a novel chicken feather hydrolysate (FH) and a reference protein hydrolysate (RH) on barley and wheat in a pot experiment. Their interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and phosphorus (P) supply were also addressed. All experimental factors influenced barley growth. Shoot height and biomass of barley were increased by FH and reduced by RH. AMF decreased barley biomass at high P-supply. In wheat, the biomass was slightly reduced by AMF while other factors had no significant effect. In the parallel field experiment, RH but not FH increased yield and grain size of barley, while there was no significant effect of either hydrolysate on wheat. Application time had no effect on hydrolysate efficacy. Both hydrolysates promoted severity of net blotch (Pyrenophora teres maculata) on barley in the pot experiment, but reduced it in field. FH promoted wheat root colonisation by AMF under low-P supply. Our results show limited transferability of pot results to field conditions and manifest complex interactions between hydrolysates, soil phosphorus, and plant symbionts and pathogens.

Seasonal variation in infectivity of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in relation to plant response to applied phosphorus

Soil Research ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 207 ◽  
Author(s):  
NS Bolan ◽  
LK Abbott
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Sample ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Response Curve ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Mycorrhizal Infection ◽  
Virgin Forest ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular

The effect of applied phosphorus on the growth of subterranean clover was studied in a virgin forest soil sample collected in summer and again in spring. The soil sample was used soon after it was collected. The shape of the response curve for plant growth differed greatly in the two experiments. This may be related to the presence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in plants grown in the soil sample collected in summer and its absence in the soil sample collected in spring.

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