Peanut resistance to Sclerotinia minor and S. sclerotiorum

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Cruickshank ◽  
M. Cooper ◽  
M. J. Ryley
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Control ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Sclerotinia Minor ◽  
Reciprocal Effect ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Physiological Resistance ◽  
Average Gene ◽  
High Level ◽  
Recurrent Backcrossing

The fungi Sclerotinia minor and S. sclerotiorum are the causal agents of two similar diseases of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Both diseases cause significant losses in the Australian peanut industry. Development of cultivars with resistance to Sclerotinia will be an important component of integrated control. The aims of this project are to generate information that will assist in breeding for Sclerotinia resistance in peanut: to identify Sclerotinia-resistant peanut germplasm, to understand the inheritance and estimate heritability of resistance, and to test the effectiveness of identified sources of resistance against both S. minor and S. sclerotiorum. This study has clearly established that material that shows resistance to S. minor in the USA is resistant to S.�minor and likely to be resistant to S. sclerotiorum in Australia. The high level of resistance to both S. minor and S.�sclerotiorum in germplasm from Texas, particularly TxAG-4, was confirmed. VA 93B showed good resistance in the field, which is primarily due to the open bush type rather than physiological resistance. Physiological resistance to S. minor was also identified in a cultivar and a landrace from Indonesia and a rust-resistant line from Queensland. All germplasm found to have high physiological resistance to S. minor belonged to the Spanish type. Inheritance of physiological resistance to S. minor was studied using a Generation Means Analysis (GMA) of the cross TxAG-4/VA 93B and its reciprocal. The broad-sense heritability of physiological resistance on a single plant basis was estimated at 47%, much higher than earlier estimates obtained in field studies. The average gene action of Sclerotinia resistance genes from TxAG-4 was found to be additive. No dominance effects were detected in the GMA. A small but significant reciprocal effect between TxAG-4 and VA 93B indicated that VA 93B passed on some physiological resistance maternally. An experiment was conducted to confirm the value of resistance against both S. minor and S. sclerotiorum. TxAG-4 was found to have physiological resistance to both S. minor and S. sclerotiorum. This resistance was expressed against both Sclerotinia species by progeny that were selected for resistance to S. minor. On the basis of the information obtained, the comparative advantages of 3 strategies for Sclerotinia-resistant cultivar development are discussed: (1) introduction of germplasm; (2) recurrent backcrossing with screening and crossing in the BCnF1 generation; and (3) pedigree selection. At present, introduction and backcrossing are recommended as the preferred strategies.

scholarly journals Determining the critical period for weed control in high-yielding cotton using common sunflower as a mimic weed

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 800-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham W. Charles ◽  
Brian M. Sindel ◽  
Annette L. Cowie ◽  
Oliver G. G. Knox
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Growing Degree Days ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Planting Season

AbstractField studies were conducted over six seasons to determine the critical period for weed control (CPWC) in high-yielding cotton, using common sunflower as a mimic weed. Common sunflower was planted with or after cotton emergence at densities of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 plants m−2. Common sunflower was added and removed at approximately 0, 150, 300, 450, 600, 750, and 900 growing degree days (GDD) after planting. Season-long interference resulted in no harvestable cotton at densities of five or more common sunflower plants m−2. High levels of intraspecific and interspecific competition occurred at the highest weed densities, with increases in weed biomass and reductions in crop yield not proportional to the changes in weed density. Using a 5% yield-loss threshold, the CPWC extended from 43 to 615 GDD, and 20 to 1,512 GDD for one and 50 common sunflower plants m−2, respectively. These results highlight the high level of weed control required in high-yielding cotton to ensure crop losses do not exceed the cost of control.

scholarly journals Biotech/GM crops in horticulture: plum cv. HoneySweet resistant to Plum pox virus

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. S43-S48 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Polák ◽  
J. Kumar ◽  
B. Krška ◽  
M. Ravelonandro
Keyword(s):  
Tree Breeding ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Plum Pox Virus ◽  
Infection Pressure ◽  
Public Sector Research ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Chlorotic Leaf ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Control

Commercialisation of Biotech/GM (Biotech) crops started in 1995. Not only field crops, but also horticultural transgenic crops are under development and are beginning to be commercialised. Genetic engineering has the potential to revolutionise fruit tree breeding. The development of transgenic fruit cultivars is in progress. Over the past 20 years an international public sector research team has collaborated in the development of HoneySweet plum which is highly resistant to Plum pox virus (PPV) the most devastating disease of plums and other stone fruits. HoneySweet was deregulated in the USA in 2010. HoneySweet (aka C5) has been evaluated for eleven years (2002–2012) in a regulated field trial in the CzechRepublic for the resistance to PPV, Prune dwarf virus (PDV), and Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), all of them being serious diseases of plum. Even under the high and permanent infection pressure produced through grafting, PPV has only been detected in HoneySweet trees in several leaves and fruits situated close to the point of inoculum grafting. The lack of infection spread in HoneySweet demonstrates its high level of PPV resistance. Co-infections of PPV with PDV and/or ACLSV had practically no influence on the quantity and quality of HoneySweet fruit which are large, sweet, and of a high eating quality. In many respects, they are superior to the fruits of the well-known cultivar Stanley. Many fruit growers and fruit tree nurseries in the CzechRepublic are supportive of the deregulation of HoneySweet plum to help improve the plum production and control the spread of PPV.

scholarly journals In-field screening for host plant resistance to Delia radicum and Brevicoryne brassicae within selected rapeseed cultivars and new interspecific hybrids

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 711-720
Author(s):  
Janetta Niemann ◽  
Justyna Szwarc ◽  
Jan Bocianowski ◽  
Dorota Weigt ◽  
Marek Mrówczyński
Keyword(s):  
Life Sciences ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Brevicoryne Brassicae ◽  
Delia Radicum ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Cabbage Aphid ◽  
Hybrid Combination ◽  
Resistance To Insects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Level

AbstractRapeseed (Brassica napus) can be attacked by a wide range of pests, for example, cabbage root fly (Delia radicum) and cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae). One of the best methods of pest management is breeding for insect resistance in rapeseed. Wild genotypes of Brassicaceae and rapeseed cultivars can be used as a source of resistance. In 2017, 2018, and 2019, field trials were performed to assess the level of resistance to D. radicum and B. brassicae within 53 registered rapeseed cultivars and 31 interspecific hybrid combinations originating from the resources of the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding of Poznań University of Life Sciences (PULS). The level of resistance varied among genotypes and years. Only one hybrid combination and two B. napus cultivars maintained high level of resistance in all tested years, i.e., B. napus cv. Jet Neuf × B. carinata – PI 649096, Galileus, and Markolo. The results of this research indicate that resistance to insects is present in Brassicaceae family and can be transferred to rapeseed cultivars. The importance of continuous improvement of rapeseed pest resistance and the search for new sources of resistance is discussed; furthermore, plans for future investigations are presented.

SIMULATION OF INTEGRATED CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR OROBANCHE SPP. BASED ON A LIFE CYCLE MODEL

2001 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. KEBREAB ◽  
A. J. MURDOCH
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Soil Seed Bank ◽  
Integrated Control ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Cultural Control ◽  
Computer Simulation Model ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
High Level

A computer simulation model was developed to investigate strategies for control of the parasitic weed species of Orobanche. The model makes use of data from published literature and predicts infestation levels in a dynamic and deterministic way. It is predicted that sustainable control of the parasite can only be achieved by reducing the soil seed bank to levels of 1000–2000 seeds m−2 and maintaining it at that level in subsequent years. When cultural control methods such as hand weeding, trap/catch cropping, delayed planting, resistant cultivars and solarization were considered individually, a relatively high level of effectiveness was required to contain the soil seed bank. An integrated approach with a selection of appropriate cultural methods is therefore recommended for further testing and validation in the field. The simulations demonstrate the importance of preventing new seeds entering the soil seed bank and that although reducing the soil seed bank may not increase yield for the first few years, it will ultimately increase production.

Criteria for the Evaluation of Social Policy Effectiveness of States

2014 ◽  
pp. 87-97
Author(s):  
V. Sautkina
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Educational Services ◽  
State Control ◽  
National Education ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Government ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Cost

The following article is devoted to the study of current state of national education and healthcare systems. The cost of services in these areas constantly increases, there for even developed countries are forced to make significant efforts in order to maintain earlier achieved results. Due to this reason countries entered into the period of constant reforms with the purpose of maintaining that high level of health and educational services for all segments of population with a constant reduction of its volume of financing. The legal aspects of these changes are requiring manifestation of the will of politicians in order to overcome the opposition of parties which are defending their interests. As an example, the main opponents of the healthcare reforms proposed by Barak Obama in the USA are Republicans who are concerned about a significant increase of a state control over the entire national insurance system. The author comes to the conclusion that only joint actions of the government and every segment of population might actually improve the quality of medical and educational services.

scholarly journals Bibliometric analysis of the development of nanoscience research in South Africa

2017 ◽  
Vol 113 (11/12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xolani Makhoba ◽  
Anastassios Pouris
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Gauteng Province ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Institutional Profile ◽  
High Level ◽  
The University

Nanotechnology is a fast-growing scientific research area internationally and is classified as an important emerging research area. In response to this importance, South African researchers and institutions have also increased their efforts in this area. A bibliometric study of articles as indexed in the Web of Science considered the development in this field with respect to the growth in literature, collaboration profile and the research areas that are more within the country’s context. We also looked at public institutions that are more active in this arena, including government policy considerations as guided by the National Nanotechnology Strategy launched in 2005. We found that the number of nanotechnology publications have shown a remarkable growth ever since the launch of the strategy. Articles on nanotechnology have been published in numerous journals, with Electrochimica Acta publishing the most, followed by Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. These publications fall within the traditional domains of chemistry and physics. In terms of the institutional profile and based on publication outputs over the period reviewed, the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research is a leading producer of publications in nanotechnology, followed by the University of the Witwatersrand – institutions that are both based in the Gauteng Province. There is a high level of international collaboration with different countries within this field – the most productive collaboration is with India, followed by the USA and China, as measured through co-authorship.

scholarly journals THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF FOWL CHOLERA

1930 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ida W. Pritchett ◽  
F. R. Beaudette ◽  
T. P. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Colony Type ◽  
Fowl Cholera ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
High Virulence ◽  
Commercial Poultry ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level ◽  
Serum Agglutination ◽  
Healthy Carriers

Field studies of fowl cholera on two commercial poultry farms are described. One farm, previously free of cholera, was studied during an active epidemic, which occurred during the winter months. The strains of P. avicida recovered, both from "autopsy" and from "healthy carriers" proved generally similar, and to be of the "fluorescent" or "intermediate" colony type, which is of relatively high virulence. After the subsidence of the epidemic, these strains tended to disappear. The second flock consisted of a small group of birds which had survived an epidemic of cholera the previous year, and in which the infection was prevailing in endemic form. No deaths occurred during the period of observation, but the number of birds with localized lesions and the number of carriers increased to a high level during the winter months. The strains of P. avicida were apparently of the "blue" colony form, although some, as shown by their acid and serum agglutination reactions, resembled the "intermediates." These strains appeared to be spreading rather than dying out. The individual fowls differed in their response to the presence of infection; some showed localized lesions, others were carriers, while still others seemed entirely refractory.

scholarly journals Screening of the Argentinean INTA peanut core collection with a molecular marker associated with resistance to Sclerotinia minor Jaggar

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
K.D. Chamberlin ◽  
J.J. Baldessari ◽  
E.M.C. Mamani ◽  
M.V. Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Marker ◽  
Core Collection ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Blight Resistance ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Sclerotinia Minor ◽  
Sclerotinia Blight ◽  
Potential Sources

ABSTRACT Cultivated peanut, the third most important oilseed in the world, is consistently threatened by various diseases and pests. Sclerotinia minor Jagger (S. minor), the causal agent of Sclerotinia blight, is a major threat to peanut production in many countries and can reduce yield by up to 50% in severely infested fields. Host plant resistance will provide the most effective solution to managing Sclerotinia blight, but limited sources of resistance to the disease are available for use in breeding programs. Peanut germplasm collections are available for exploration and identification of new sources of resistance, but traditionally the process is lengthy, requiring years of field testing before those potential sources can be identified. Molecular markers associated with phenotypic traits can speed up the screening of germplasm accessions. The objective of this study was to genotype the peanut core collection of the Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) Manfredi, Argentina, with a molecular marker associated with Sclerotinia blight resistance. One hundred and fifty-four (154) accessions from the collection were available and genotyped using the Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) marker. Accessions from each botanical variety type represented in the core collection were identified as new potential sources of resistance and targeted for further evaluation in field tests for Sclerotinia blight resistance.

scholarly journals Commercialization of innovative products: international and national experience

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-24
Author(s):  
Nataliia MYROSHCHENKO ◽  
Anastasiia SYMAK ◽  
Oksana ZARYTSKA
Keyword(s):  
Asian American ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Innovative Products ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Local Properties ◽  
High Level

Introduction. In modern highly competitive, dynamic and unstable conditions enterprises are able to function successfully in the marketplace and occupy leadership positions in large part due to developing, implementation and realisation of innovations. A high level of an innovative activity of enterprises creates preconditions for forming new competitive benefits, an increase of investment attractiveness, broadens possibilities of passage to new marketplaces, is an impulse for providing a progressive development. As practice shows, only a small part of innovations transforms in goods and services and is successfully commercialized due to its promotion in interested groups of consumers. That's why the problem of commercialization of innovative goods and services should be in field of view of society, government, private business, scientists because decision of this problem improves a competitive ability of goods and finely a level of population's life. The purpose of paper is an exploration of commercialization properties of innovative goods and services in foreign countries, detection of reasons of low level of commercialization of innovative goods and services by domestic enterprises. Results. It is considered a domestic and a worldwide experience of commercialization of high-tech goods and services of industrial enterprises in the context of Asian, American and European models of innovative development. It is particularly set that there in the USA, Europe and Asia the key role in development and implementation of high-tech goods and services play multinational companies, which quite often create venture companies in their structures. Besides, it is set that a venture capital is often concentrated in science parks, technopoles, business incubators and other innovative structures. It is proved that in the process of commercialization of high-tech goods and services is a governmental support of state, first of all, from positions of longevity of preferences, which are offered to subjects of innovative structures. It's also set that such kind of commercialization is successful when local properties of demand for new goods and services are taken into account. Regarding a domestic experience of commercialization of innovative goods and services, they should state that it has a quite low development. Conclusion. In this way, generalisation of domestic and foreign experience of commercialization of innovative goods and services shows that directions and ways of such commercialization are different and can have a different shape that is defined by local historical circumstances, traditions and national innovative politics in general.

scholarly journals Eurasian Geopolitics Importance to World Politics and China’s Geostrategy

2019 ◽  
pp. 11-24
Author(s):  
Vakhtang Maisaia ◽  
Koba Kobaladze
Keyword(s):  
International Security ◽  
World Order ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Security Treaty ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Power Game ◽  
Political Spectrum ◽  
High Level ◽  
Expert Community

Since 1990 after bipolar system demolition and setting up new world order with liberal international order with American leadership endorsement lasted till 2014, the Eurasian space became one of the hottest spots in the world. Considering situational changes in the international security system with diminishing the global hegemony of the USA in case of confrontation with Russia and China, Eurasia has been increasing its geopolitical relevance to international politics. Several implications on endorsing new “Eurasian” alliances (Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Collective Security Treaty Organization, Eurasian Union, etc.) with primarily involvement of the countries of Post-Soviet space and China, directed against to NATO policy of enlargement could have created a rim of instability with “flexing mussels” between three nuclear powers – the USA, Russian Federation and People's Republic of China (PRC). Tripolarity agenda confirmed by the international security high-level expert community, incoming world order is shaping up in the classical balance of power game of international relations. Hence, the China-Russia alliance and strategic cooperation wrenched in the area really play an important role in fostering process at any level of the political spectrum: local, regional and certainly global.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document