scholarly journals Eurasian Geopolitics Importance to World Politics and China’s Geostrategy

2019 ◽  
pp. 11-24
Author(s):  
Vakhtang Maisaia ◽  
Koba Kobaladze
Keyword(s):  
International Security ◽  
World Order ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Security Treaty ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Power Game ◽  
Political Spectrum ◽  
High Level ◽  
Expert Community

Since 1990 after bipolar system demolition and setting up new world order with liberal international order with American leadership endorsement lasted till 2014, the Eurasian space became one of the hottest spots in the world. Considering situational changes in the international security system with diminishing the global hegemony of the USA in case of confrontation with Russia and China, Eurasia has been increasing its geopolitical relevance to international politics. Several implications on endorsing new “Eurasian” alliances (Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Collective Security Treaty Organization, Eurasian Union, etc.) with primarily involvement of the countries of Post-Soviet space and China, directed against to NATO policy of enlargement could have created a rim of instability with “flexing mussels” between three nuclear powers – the USA, Russian Federation and People's Republic of China (PRC). Tripolarity agenda confirmed by the international security high-level expert community, incoming world order is shaping up in the classical balance of power game of international relations. Hence, the China-Russia alliance and strategic cooperation wrenched in the area really play an important role in fostering process at any level of the political spectrum: local, regional and certainly global.

PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENTOF MILITARY-POLITICAL COOPERATION OF THE COUNTRIESOF THE POST-SOVIET SPACE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
U.S. ALIYEV
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
World Order ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
Security Treaty ◽  
Political Cooperation ◽  
The World ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
Economic Union ◽  
Post Soviet Space

In the context of the formation of a new world order, there is a need to make changes to the development strategy of the Eurasian Economic Union and, even more broadly, integration processes in the post-Soviet space. These changes should take into account the changes taking place in the world, the emergence of new properties of world politics, which are often generically called turbulence. The components of turbulence are conflictness and uncertainty, but this is not the whole list, there are other components. On the example of the Transnistrian conflict settlement, it is shown that success in this process is possible if we are not confined to the conflict itself, but we act on the basis of Russias and the European Unions mutual desire to reduce conflictness in the world and in the European region. Uncertainties can be contrasted with the emergence of military-political factor as the leading one of Eurasian integration in the form of rapprochement and the gradual merger of the Eurasian Economic Union and the Collective Security Treaty Organization.

scholarly journals BRICS in International Legal Space: Humanitarian Imperatives of International Security

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-34
Author(s):  
B. Asadov ◽  
V. Gavrilenko ◽  
S. Nemchenko
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Security ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
World Order ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Large Country ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
International Peacekeeping

The article is devoted to the examination of the formation of new vectors for international relations development within the global format of cooperation. The establishment and unification of BRICS in the international legal sphere through a wide range of common interests and views of its members towards issues facing the modern world reflect objective tendencies of world development to the formation of amultipolar international relations system and determination of particular large country actors of broad integration and having many dimensions. The authors reveal particular characteristics of the international-legal status of BRICS, which make it possible to have an effective impact on challenges facing the modern world. The legal BRICS status differs crucially from traditional legal approaches to international organizations. Acting as a special subject of world politics, creating more trusted interaction conditions, BRICS focuses its attention on the alternative world order principles within the new model of global relations. Such a format of multilateral cooperation, as well as more trusted and additional mechanisms of international interaction, gives the members an opportunity to demonstrate their geopolitical and geoeconomic world significance, and in addition their demanded humanitarian role, which, as the analysis of the mentioned actor demonstrates, is aimed at forming its own interaction model. The logic of the BRICS agenda extension to the level of an important global management system element demonstrates the goal in the field of action and, accordingly, intensive progress of humanitarian imperatives. For these humanitarian imperatives, the issues of international peacekeeping, security, protection, encouraging human rights and providing stable development are an objective necessity, especially for active demonstration of the members’ viewpoints on the international scene. For understanding the process of the alignment of international security humanitarian imperatives it is necessary to study the existing objective needs in conjunction with each country, member of BRICS.

scholarly journals EVOLUTION OF CONFLICT STUDIES IN THE INTERNATIONAL SECURITY CONTEXT IN POST-SOVIET RUSSIA

2016 ◽  
pp. 48-62
Author(s):  
A. I. Nikitin
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Security ◽  
World Order ◽  
Science Research ◽  
International Studies ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
Conflict Studies ◽  
Political Sciences ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Economic Formation

Article analyses formation and development of the conflict studies in Russia as a sub-discipline within political sciences, on the edge between political theory and studies of international relations and international security. Article defines stages of formation of conflict studies in Russia, analyzes social request for studies of conflicts, considers influence of foreign and international institutes and research, both form the CIS and from other foreign countries, onto the conflict studies in Russia. Author postulates turning of the "New Political Thinking"paradigm elaborated by Gorbachev that allowed reconsidering Moscow's attitude towards various conflicts and rethinking of theoretical principles of conflict analysis, that are not anymore limited to class struggle and ideological contradictions. Introduction of more pluralistic concepts of "socio-political model" and "world order" instead of Marxist category of "socio-economic formation" led to remodeling of international relations along new lines, as well as study contradictions within one social system. Splash of inter-ethnic and separatist conflicts in the first half of the 1990s led to shaping of "practically oriented conflict studies" reflecting political interests of conflict sides in conflicts in Karabakh, Georgia/Abkhazia, Georgia/South Ossetia, Moldova/Transnistria. On the eve of 1990s-2000s formation of theoretical systemic conflict studies as a discipline took place, and this discipline was already quite strongly interfaced with international and foreign conflict studies theory. Article considers role of various institutes of the Russian Academy of Science, research centers including Russian Council on International Affairs, Council on Foreign and Defense Policy? Russian Pugwash Committee, Center for Political and International studies, Moscow Carnegie Center, Russian institute for Strategic Studies, Institute for the USA and Canada Studies, etc. As a separate direction of studies article tackles studies of post-soviet conflicts by foreign institutes and centers, like UNIDIR (Geneva), SIPRI (Stockholm), EU ISS (Paris), British Royal institute of International Affairs. Interaction of Russian and Swiss scientists on the basis of Geneva-based GCSP and DCAF attracts special attention. In conclusion typical issues in focus, as well as theme fields of the Russian conflict studies as a sub-discipline within political sciences are formulated.

Iran and Sanctions: Limits of Self-Reliance

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 26-29
Author(s):  
V. Yurtaev
Keyword(s):  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Unexpected Result ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Self Reliance ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran

The article considers the problem of external validity of sanctions as a tool to influence the state based on the principles of Shia Islam and self-reliance. The Obama administration significantly increased the political component of pressure in an attempt to find the “pain points” of the regime of the Islamic Republic. One of such points is a threat to be isolated in relation to such powers as Russian Federation and People’s Republic of China. In 2010, Tehran de facto started to use nuclear factor to log into the world politics. Therefore, the “atomic diplomacy” of Iran turned to be a rather unexpected result of the tightening of foreign sanctions. In this situation the West led by the USA embarked on a strategy of escalating sanctions as the most important instrument of pressure on Tehran. Finally, the system of sanctions was formed at the following levels: the restrictions imposed by the UN Security Council (resolutions of 2006–2010); the sanctions imposed by several groups of countries (EU and others); the unilateral sanctions of certain countries (USA). The evaluation of the effectiveness of sanctions is very difficult as far as Iran does not publish relevant information. So the only plausible assumptions can be made through the analysis of the bilateral trade and economic relations of Iran with other countries. Generally, the example the Islamic Republic of Iran which was under foreign sanctions since 1979 shows that only after the introduction of tiered sanctions, created the system of multivector effects on the Iranian economy, the sanctions’ impact has become a fairly significant factor that influenced the position of the Iranian leadership on the nuclear issue.

International security and the virtual state: states and firms in world politics

2002 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Rosecrance
Keyword(s):  
International Security ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Economic Base ◽  
Research Development ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Services Research ◽  
Labour Costs ◽  
High Level

In recent years a new group of ‘virtual states’—analogous to the virtual corporation—has emerged in world politics and economics. In order to concentrate upon high level services (research, development, product design, financing, marketing and transport), these countries have transferred much of their manufacturing production elsewhere. Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, Switzerland, Holland, and others have earned large returns from producing abroad as home labour costs escalate. To some degree every major industrial nation has moved in a virtual direction as manufacturing declines to 20 per cent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and services rise to 65, 70 per cent or more. This evolution conflicts with traditional security assumptions about the necessity of a powerful and compact economic base. Now countries' economic potential is frequently divided between home and host nations, and security may depend upon reliable access to the economies of other states. Virtual states and nations moving in a ‘virtual direction’ may improve their position through economic growth in normal times, but may become vulnerable when security threats arise. In war they have to co-ordinate supply from a range of allied nations to carry on the struggle against opponents. It might be thought that their pattern of peacetime interdependence undermines their long-term security.

scholarly journals TRANSFORMATION OF POLITICAL MODES IN THE CONDITIONS OF GEOPOLITICAL TURBULENCE

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World Order ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Religious Fundamentalism ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
Political Regimes ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Usa

The article analyzes the key factors, trends and prospects for the transformation of political regimes in the context of transition to a polycentric world order. Geopolitical uncertainties are causing significant apprehension among elite and scientists at the beginning new era. This is due to some change in the hegemony of the world powers. The nature of hegemony, changing world order received special attention in the twentieth century and remains in the focus of researches to this day I Wallerstein stressed that the hegemonic states must be powerful to receive the benefits of its status. «Unipolar order» in world politics has turned out to be dysfunctional in terms of ensuring global prosperity and security, promoting democratic practices, and strengthening world order and stability across all regions. Destabilization of the entire world order is due to aggravating internal political divisions and confrontations in the USA and in the countries of the European Union. Processes of reforming new geopolitical coalitions have provided geopolitical turbulence. Turbulent world of international relations and politics is characterized by two overarching trends: (1) the supersession of geopolitics by geoeconomics; (2) mutations of the international security which is increasingly shifting from the interstate level to security threats the growing importance and intensity of conflicts between different value systems and ideologies, in particular between integrationist (such as democracy and human rights) and particularistic ideologies (such as nationalism or religious fundamentalism). Confrontation of the processes of Westernization and Easternization means the weakening of influence of Western countries and strengthening of Eastern. According to some forecasts, economic and technological revolutions will change the economies and social structures of societies; social and democratic revolutions will exert pressure on different levels of government; the geopolitical revolution will create a multipolar world. In the conditions of geopolitical turbulence main courses of power are eroded and predict the trajectories of the transformation of political regimes in the coming decades, especially in the face of strengthening Asia and Latin America, is too complicated.

scholarly journals Central Asia in Modern System of International Security

2019 ◽  
pp. 146-160
Author(s):  
O. Demenko
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
International Security ◽  
Current System ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Regional Stability ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Modern System ◽  
The Usa

The article explores the specificities in formation and implementation of security policy in the area of Central Asia. It analyzes basic global, regional and internal problems, which are considered to bethe main threat to regional stability. The article also formulates the grounds for the objection that current system of international security in the area is distinguished by complicated and multi – levelnature. It is formed through the activity of numerous international organizations, such as UN, OSCE, SCO, CSTO, EEU, NATO. Security situation in Central Asia is significantly influenced by RussianFederation, People’s Republic of China and the USA, the relations between which have recently become strained. The author develops the argumentation that security situation in Central Asiaremains complicated and unforeseen. The knot of global, regional and internal problems is overlapped strongly in the area and those problems have become the potential threat to regional stability.

After Victory

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. John Ikenberry
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Politics ◽  
World Order ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
The United States ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Napoleonic Wars ◽  
Power Politics ◽  
The Cold War

The end of the Cold War was a “big bang” reminiscent of earlier moments after major wars, such as the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and the end of the world wars in 1919 and 1945. But what do states that win wars do with their newfound power, and how do they use it to build order? This book examines postwar settlements in modern history, arguing that powerful countries do seek to build stable and cooperative relations, but the type of order that emerges hinges on their ability to make commitments and restrain power. The book explains that only with the spread of democracy in the twentieth century and the innovative use of international institutions—both linked to the emergence of the United States as a world power—has order been created that goes beyond balance of power politics to exhibit “constitutional” characteristics. Blending comparative politics with international relations, and history with theory, the book will be of interest to anyone concerned with the organization of world order, the role of institutions in world politics, and the lessons of past postwar settlements for today.

ВНЕШНЕПОЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ СИТУАЦИЯ В ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ АЗИИ: В КОНТЕКСТЕ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ И НОВЫХ ТЕНДЕНЦИЙ В МИРОВОЙ ПОЛИТИКЕ

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Токтобек Рыскулов
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Transnational Corporation ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Gas Oil ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Near Future

Аннотация. В статье очерчено геополитическое и геостратегическое положение ЦА. Охарактеризована внешнеполитическая ситуация в ЦА в контексте новых тенденций в мировой политике. Показаны основные интересы и политические тренды РФ, США, КНР по отношения к государствам ЦА. Отмечено, что современная Центральная Азия, притягивает к себе все большее внимание внешних игроков. Объяснение кроется в том, что Центральная Азия обладает не только удобным геополитическим и выгодным геостратегическим положением, но и большим количеством природных ресурсов. Анализируя современные российско-китайские отношения приходим к мысли, что не все так безоблачно во взаимоотношениях двух государств, ведь еще никто не опроверг постулат о постоянных интересах государств и о непостоянстве друзей. В недалеком будущем конкуренция за энергоресурсы (газ, нефть) ЦА приведет к обострению отношений, к конфликту интересов России и Китая, практически это политическая аксиома. Готовы ли государства ЦА и России к такому сценарию политических событий? Ключевые слова: Центральна Азия, геополитика и геостратегия. Большая Игра, РФ, США, КНР. ЕАЭС, Большая Центральная Азия, ТНК, терроризм, экстремизм. Аннотация. Макалада геосаясий жана геостратегиялык абалдары чийилген. Борбордук Азиядагы тышкы саясий кырдаал дүйнөлүк саясаттагы жаңы тенденциялардын контекстинде мүнөздөлдү. БА мамлекеттеринин мамилелери боюнча РФ, АКШ, КЭР негизги кызыкчылыктары жана саясий тренддери көрсөтүлдү. Учурдагы Борбордук Азия тышкы оюнчулардын көбүрөөк көңүлүн өзүнө тартып жаткандыгы байкалган. Түшүндүрмө берүү, Борбордук Азия ыңгайлуу геосаясий жана пайдалуу геостратегиялык абалга гана ээ болбостон, көптөгөн жаратылыш ресурстарына ээ. Анализируя заманбап российско-кытай мамилелери приходим карата ойлорун, бул эмес баары эле безоблачно өз ара мамилелеринде эки мамлекеттин, анткени дагы эч ким опроверг постулат жөнүндө туруктуу кызыкчылыгында мамлекеттердин жөнүндө жана непостоянстве досторунун. Жакынкы келечекте ба энергия ресурстары үчүн атаандаштык (газ, мунай) Россия жана Кытайдын таламдарынын кагылышына, мамилелердин күчөшүнө алып келет, бул иш жүзүндө саясий аксиома. Борбордук Азия жана Орусия мамлекеттери мындай жагдайды саясий окуяларга даярбы? Түйүндүү сөздөр: Борбор Азия, геополитика жана геостратегия. Чоң оюн, РФ, АКШ, КЭР. ЕАЭС, Чоң Борбордук Азия, ТНК, терроризм, экстремизм. Annotation. The article outlines the geopolitical and geostrategic position of Central Asia. The article describes the foreign policy situation in Central Asia in the context of new trends in world politics. The main interests and political trends of the Russian Federation, the USA, China in relation to the Central Asian States are shown. It is noted that modern Central Asia attracts more and more attention of external players. The explanation lies in the fact that Central Asia has not only a convenient geopolitical and advantageous geostrategic position, but also a large number of natural resources. Analyzing the current Russian-Chinese relations, we come to the conclusion that not everything is so cloudless in the relations between the two States, because no one has yet refuted the postulate about the permanent interests of States and the impermanence of friends. In the near future, competition for energy resources (gas, oil) in Central Asia will lead to an aggravation of relations, to a conflict of interests between Russia and China, this is practically a political axiom. Are the Central Asian and Russian States ready for such a scenario of political events? Key words: Central Asia, geopolitics & geostrategy. Big Game, the RF, the USA, the CPR. EAEC, Big Central Asia, Transnational Corporation, terrorism, extremism

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