Water footprint of livestock products and production systems: a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 1369
Author(s):  
R. Ibidhi ◽  
H. Ben Salem
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Livestock Products

This paper reviews the small but growing literature on the water footprint (WF) of livestock production and provides an analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of this indicator. We identified 42 papers published in peer-reviewed international journals between 2000 and 2017, which covered the WF of dairy, meat and egg production using life-cycle assessment and WF network methodologies. The WF of livestock products decreases with the level of intensification of the farming system. In addition, the WF of meat is higher than that of either milk or eggs. The WF of beef is much larger than the WFs from sheep, goat, pork and chicken. The WF variation among different animal products is explained by the difference of the feed conversion ratio. Ruminants (cattle, sheep and goat) have a poor feed conversion ratio compared with monogastric animals (poultry and swine). Estimating the WF of livestock production and economic analysis of water use at different stages of production will help farmers and other stakeholders to identify the most demanding activities in term of water use, and implement strategies to improve water-use efficiency. Thus, feed production was identified as the largest contributor of the WF of livestock production. Options to reduce the WF of livestock production include the use of low-WF feeds, more efficient irrigation of crops used for livestock feed, and reduced consumption of animal-sourced protein in human diets through substitution with plant proteins. The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis highlighted the importance of combining WF with other environmental-footprint and sustainability indicators to provide more reliable information for decision makers.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF DIETARY VITAMIN E AND ZINC LEVELS ON PERFORMANCE AND LIPID OXIDATION IN FRESH AND STORED EGGS OF LAYING DUCKS

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
Arif Darmawan ◽  
Sumiati Sumiati ◽  
Widya Hermana
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Organic Zinc ◽  
Zinc Levels

Vitamin E and zinc are necessary for preventing free radical damage to phospholipid membranes, enzymes and other important molecules. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary vitamin E and zinc levels on performance and lipid oxidation in fresh and stored eggs of laying duck. A total of 90 of 22 weeks old ducks were randomly divided into 15 experimental units by assigning a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment diets were R1 (control diet), R2 (R1+40 IU vitamin E), R3 (R1+80 IU vitamin E), R4 (R1+100 ppm organic zinc), and R5 (R1+200 ppm organic zinc).The experiment was carried out for 8 wk. Parameters observed were feed intake, egg production, egg weight, feed conversion ratio, and Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) value. The results showed that increasing of vitamin E from 40 IU to 80 IU and zinc from 100 ppm to 200 ppm did not affect feed intake and egg weight. Otherwise, the dietary Vitamin E and organic zinc significantly decreased (P<0.05) feed conversion ratio and significantly increased (P<0.05) egg production and decreased (P<0.01) TBARS values. It is concluded that dietary 40 IU vitamin E or 100 ppm organic zinc could increase the performance of laying ducks and dietary 200 ppm organic zinc was more efective to be antioxidant than 40 and 80 IU vitamin E.   

Reducing the cost of beef production through the genetic improvement of net feed efficiency

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 45-45
Author(s):  
R.M. Herd ◽  
J.A. Archer ◽  
P.F. Arthur ◽  
E.C. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Animal Production Systems

Feed is the single largest cost in most animal production systems. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) is a commonly used measure of growth efficiency. Previous research has shown that FCR is moderately heritable and highly related to growth rate. While selection for FCR is beneficial to those feeding growing cattle for slaughter, any associated increase in the size of breeding females will mean this benefit will be at a cost to the calf breeder, as larger breeding cows require more feed.

scholarly journals Effects of Herbal Essential Oil Mixture as a Dietary Supplement on Egg Production in Quail

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Metin Çabuk ◽  
Serdar Eratak ◽  
Ahmet Alçicek ◽  
Mehmet Bozkurt
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Dietary Supplement ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Foeniculum Vulgare ◽  
Treatment Groups

One hundred and eighty 7-week-old laying quail were fed various diets over a 12-week period. The diets included a control diet (without essential oil mixture (EOM) or antibiotics (ANTs)), a basal diet including EOM (24 mg/kg feed), and a basal diet including an ANT (avilamycin, 10 mg/kg feed). Each treatment comprised 4 replications with 4 cages (15 quail per cage), amounting to 60 quail per treatment group. Diets (in mash form) and water were provided forad libitumconsumption. EOM consisted of 6 different essential oils derived from the following herbs: oregano (Origanumsp.), laurel leaf (Laurus nobilisL.), sage leaf (Salvia trilobaL.), myrtle leaf (Myrtus communis), fennel seeds (Foeniculum vulgare), and citrus peel (Citrussp.). In comparison with the control diet, adding supplements such as EOM and ANTs to the basal diet increased egg production in quail (P<0.001). However, egg production was similar between EOM and ANT treatment groups. Moreover, there were no differences between the treatment groups with regard to egg weight. Feed intake was not affected by EOM or ANT supplementation, whereas feed conversion ratio was significantly improved by EOM and ANT supplementation. Thus, we concluded that EOM has beneficial effects as a dietary supplement on egg production and feed conversion ratio.

Performance of broilers and layers supplemented with Moringa stenopetala leaf meal under hot humid tropical conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (17) ◽  
pp. 1987
Author(s):  
Metekia Tamiru ◽  
Shiferaw Ashagrie ◽  
Ashraf Alkhtib ◽  
Minyehun Getachew ◽  
Solomon Demeke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Moringa Stenopetala ◽  
Meat Weight ◽  
Leaf Meal ◽  
Tropical Conditions

Context Heat stress poses a major limit to poultry production. Moringa stenopetala leaf meal (MSL) could be a promising feed additive for poultry raised under heat stress, as it is rich in antioxidants. Aims To determine the effect of (MSL) supplementation on the production and quality of broilers under heat-stress conditions. Methods In the broiler performance trial, 156 1-day old Cobb 500 broilers were assigned to four groups, with each containing three replicates of 13 chicks. For the egg production trial, 108 Bovan Brown layers aged 20 weeks were allocated to four groups, with each containing three replicates of nine hens. The four groups of broiler and layer chicken were supplemented with MSL at a level of 0% (control), 1% (MSL1), 1.5% (MSL1.5) and 2% (MSL2). Relative humidity, and minimum and maximum temperatures were 82%, 13°C and 23°C respectively. The effects of MSL supplementation on growth performance, characteristics of digestive organs, carcass traits, egg production and egg quality were analysed with one-way ANOVA. Key results Moringa stenopetala-leaf supplementation at a level up to 2% (MSL2) did not significantly affect feed intake, weight gain or feed conversion ratio of the birds. Supplemented broilers had a significantly longer large intestine (24% for MSL1, 37% for MSL1.5 and 49% for MSL2) and a heavier pancreas (82% for MSL1, 67% for MSL1.5, and 57% for MSL2) than did the control broilers. Hot and cold carcass weights, dressing yield, dressing percentage, breast-meat weight, drumstick and thigh-meat weights, wing-meat weight, back weight and meat pH were not significantly affected by MSL supplementation. Ash content of meat of the MSL2-fed birds was significantly higher than that of the control birds (3.51% vs 2.74% respectively). Egg production, feed conversion ratio and interior and exterior egg-quality parameters were not significantly affected by MSL supplementation. Intensity of yolk colour was significantly and linearly enhanced due to MSL supplementation (by ~5–8 times compared with the control). Conclusions Supplementation with MSL at a level up to 2% improved yolk colour of Bovan Brown layer eggs, with no effect on meat and egg production. Implications Yolk colour of eggs of layers raised under heat stress can be improved by MSL supplementation at 1%, with there being a minimum increase in the diet cost.

scholarly journals COMBINATION OF USING COW FECES POWDER AND PROBIOTIC IN FEED FOR LAYER NATIVE CHICKEN

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Suprio Guntoro ◽  
Anak Agung Ngurah Badung Sarmuda Dinata ◽  
I Wayan Sudarma
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Native Chicken ◽  
Physical Composition ◽  
Chicken Farm

The development of free-range chicken farm is constrained by expensive food prices. On the other hand,feses of cattle had potential use as a source of feed. This study was conducted to determine the response ofcow feses and probiotics administration in the diet of laying range chicken. The study was conducted over 6months using 240 free-range chickens aged 8 months. Research was arranged in a completely randomized designwith 8 treatments and 5 replications. The treatment given were ration in accordance with the farmers formulacomprising: concentrate: 25%, corn 40% and rice bran 35% (P0) and ration as P0, with the substitution of ricebran with fermented cow feses each treatment with level 10 % (P1), 15% (P2) and 20% (P3) and ration as atP0, P1, P2 and P3 that received additional probiotic (Bio L) 1 cc / L of drinking water (P4, P5, P6 and P7). Theparameters were observed are: egg production (hen day), egg weight, feed intake, FCR (Feed Conversion Ratio)mortality and physical composition of eggs. The results showed that the diet which containing fermented cowfeses 20% did not decreased egg production and feed efficiency. The combination of fermented cow feses at thelevel of 20% with a probiotic (Bio L) 1 cc / L of drinking water showed that egg production  increased althoughit is not significant and reduce the number of FCR (Feed Conversion Ratio). In conclusion the use of fermentedcow feses up to the level of 20% in the diet both with and without the administration of probiotics, has no effecton physical composition of eggs.

scholarly journals ẢNH HƯỞNG CỦA MÙA VỤ ĐẾN NĂNG SUẤT SINH SẢN CỦA CHIM CÚT NUÔI TẠI THỪA THIÊN HUẾ

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1871-1877
Author(s):  
Trần Ngọc Long ◽  
Văn Ngọc Phong ◽  
Lê Đình Phùng
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Viet Nam ◽  
Spring Season ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Autumn Season

Nghiên cứu nhằm đánh giá ảnh hưởng của mùa vụ đến năng suất sinh sản của chim cút nuôi tại Thừa Thiên Huế. Thí nghiệm đã được tiến hành trên 108 chim cút đẻ trứng thương phẩm trong 6 tháng đẻ trứng vào 2 mùa vụ bắt đầu đẻ trứng: vụ Đông - Xuân (từ 12/2018 đến 5/2019) và vụ Hè - Thu (từ 6/2019 đến 11/2019). Chim cút được cho ăn thức ăn hỗn hợp hoàn chỉnh cho cút đẻ của công ty cổ phần Greenfeed Việt Nam. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy đàn chim cút đẻ vào vụ Đông - Xuân có năng suất trứng và tỷ lệ đẻ lần lượt là 20,76 quả/mái/tháng và 69,21%; cao hơn so với đàn chim cút đẻ vào vụ Hè - Thu với kết quả tương ứng là 18,25 quả/mái/tháng và 60,84% (P<0,05). Hệ số chuyển hóa thức ăn (FCR)  trung bình cả giai đoạn của đàn chim cút được nuôi trong vụ Đông - Xuân thấp hơn so với vụ Hè – Thu (3,22 so với 3,75 kg thức ăn/kg trứng) (P<0,05). Khối lượng trứng trung bình của đàn chim cút dao động từ 10,49 đến 10,74 g/quả. Tỷ lệ lòng trắng trứng của trứng cút đẻ trong vụ Đông - Xuân thấp hơn so với đàn chim cút đẻ trong vụ Hè - Thu trong khi tỷ lệ lòng đỏ lại có xu hướng ngược lại (P<0,05). ABSTRACT This study was carried out to determine the effect of seasons on reproductive performance of egg-quails in Thua Thien Hue province. A total number of 108 6-months female quails laying in 2 different group seasons when quail starting laying was chosen to collect the data: Winter - Spring season (from December 2018 to May 2019) and Summer - Autumn season (from June 2019 to November 2019). The quails were fed by the complete feed of GreenFeed Vietnam Corporation. The results showed that quails laying in Winter - Spring season had higher egg production, laying rate and average feed conversion ratio than quails laying in Summer - Autumn season (P<0.05). Egg production, laying rate and average feed conversion ratio of quails laying in Winter - Spring and Summer - Autumn season were 20.76 and 18.25 egg/quail/month; 69.21 and 60.84% and 3.22 and 3.75 kg feed/kg egg, respectively. An average of egg weight was 10.49 - 10.74 g (P>0.05). The percentage of albumin of the quails laying in Winter - Spring season was lower than that of the quails laying in Summer - Autumn season while the percentage of yolk tended to be opposite (P <0.05).

Reducing the cost of beef production through the genetic improvement of net feed efficiency

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 45-45
Author(s):  
R.M. Herd ◽  
J.A. Archer ◽  
P.F. Arthur ◽  
E.C. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Animal Production Systems

Feed is the single largest cost in most animal production systems. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) is a commonly used measure of growth efficiency. Previous research has shown that FCR is moderately heritable and highly related to growth rate. While selection for FCR is beneficial to those feeding growing cattle for slaughter, any associated increase in the size of breeding females will mean this benefit will be at a cost to the calf breeder, as larger breeding cows require more feed.

scholarly journals Effects of perch on feed consumption and behaviour of caged laying hens

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 257-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. VALKONEN ◽  
R. RINNE ◽  
J. VALAJA
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Light Period ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Cage Floor ◽  
Instantaneous Sampling ◽  
Advantageous Effect

This experiment studied the effects of perches in furnished cages on behaviour and feed consumption of laying hens. The study used 352 Lohmann Selected Leghorn (LSL) hens. The hens were housed at 16 weeks of age in furnished cages in groups of 8 birds. The experiment lasted for 205 days. The treatments were: perches present from 16 weeks of age (P16), perches present from 19 weeks of age (P19), and no perches present (NP). Feed consumption and egg production were measured over the pre-laying period and six 4-week laying periods. The number of hens on perch, in nest and litter box was recorded at various ages. The behaviour of 3 hens per treatment was observed using instantaneous sampling at every 5 minutes, so that the observations of each hen covered one light period (14.5 hours). The treatments had no significant effects on feed consumption after the pre-laying period. Feed conversion ratio (kg feed kg-1 eggs) was favourable in P16 in comparison to NP during the periods 2–4. During the observations after the lights-out NP birds tended to be more frequently in nests, than P16 birds. NP birds spent more time on the cage floor, were recumbent more often, and sitting more rarely in comparison to P16 birds. Based on the results of this study, perches may have advantageous effect on feed conversion ratio in furnished cages.;

scholarly journals Characterisation Two Types of Feed on Production Performances of Laying Hen in Blitar Regency, East Java

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafwan Afandi ◽  
Budi Hartono ◽  
Irfan H. Djunaidi
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Nutrient Balance ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Laying Hen ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Mixed Feed

This study was conducted to compare the use of two types of feed on production performances of laying hen (feed consumption, egg production, feed conversion ratio, and population depletion) in Blitar Regency. Data were collected from several laying hen farms in Blitar Regency with survey method. All data were then analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The average feed price of semi self-mixed feed and total self-mixed feeds were Rp 5,031 and Rp 4,752 per kg. Hen received semi self-mixed feed in one period showed 117.5 g/hen/day of feed intake, 70.38% of egg production, 2.62 of feed conversion ratio, and 20.50% of population depletion. Meanwhile, the total self-mixed feed resulted 118.23 g/hen/day of feed consumption, 71.75% of egg production, 2.39 of feed conversion ratio, and 15.94 of population depletion in one period. The proximate analysis showed that the total self-mixed feed had better nutrient balance compared to semi self-mixed feed, based on SNI 01-3929-2006 standard. As conclusion the total self-mixed feed showed more optimal production performances than semi self-mixed feed.

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