The influence of calcium on phytase efficacy in non-ruminant animals

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 1345 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Walk
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Ruminant Animals ◽  
Ph Conditions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Book Values

High dietary calcium (Ca) can negatively influence growth performance and reduce phosphorus, protein and amino acid digestibility in broilers and pigs. In addition, high dietary Ca will precipitate with phytate at pH conditions within the small intestine. Previous research reported that high dietary Ca significantly reduced phytase efficacy through precipitation with or competition for binding sites on the phytate molecule. However, microbial phytases are active at pH ranges where phytate is soluble and hydrolyse phytate rapidly to reduce the likelihood of phytate precipitating with Ca, suggesting the effect of dietary Ca on the efficacy of these phytases may be reduced. Even with such phytases there may still be problems observed due to particularly high concentrations of dietary Ca, which can occur as a result of a reduction in Ca not being applied in the presence of a phytase and/or if Ca concentrations in the diet exceed expectations. For example, when total Ca was analysed in 795 broiler and pig diets, on average, there was 0.22% more Ca present than expected. This means that if a diet was formulated to contain 0.80% total Ca, the analysed value could be as high as 1.02%, almost 25% above the expected dietary Ca concentration. The discrepancy between the expected and analysed total Ca may have implications on chemical and physical properties within the gastrointestinal tract, dietary phytate solubility, nutrient digestibility and phytase efficacy. The present paper aims to highlight factors influencing the effect of Ca on phytase efficacy, encompassing the differences among published book values for total Ca content of ingredients, the difference between Ca sources and their affinity for phytate, and finally how these factors influence the Ca to P ratio and thus phytase efficacy.

Functional Involvement of Thrombospondin in Platelet Aggregation Induced by Low Versus High Concentrations of Thrombin

1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (01) ◽  
pp. 136-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
K J Kao ◽  
David M Shaut ◽  
Paul A Klein
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Activated Platelets ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Platelet Binding ◽  
Functional Involvement ◽  
Thrombin Activation ◽  
Platelet Aggregates ◽  
High Concentrations

SummaryThrombospondin (TSP) is a major platelet secretory glycoprotein. Earlier studies of various investigators demonstrated that TSP is the endogenous platelet lectin and is responsible for the hemagglutinating activity expressed on formaldehyde-fixed thrombin-treated platelets. The direct effect of highly purified TSP on thrombin-induced platelet aggregation was studied. It was observed that aggregation of gel-filtered platelets induced by low concentrations of thrombin (≤0.05 U/ml) was progressively inhibited by increasing concentrations of exogenous TSP (≥60 μg/ml). However, inhibition of platelet aggregation by TSP was not observed when higher than 0.1 U/ml thrombin was used to activate platelets. To exclude the possibility that TSP inhibits platelet aggregation by affecting thrombin activation of platelets, three different approaches were utilized. First, by using a chromogenic substrate assay it was shown that TSP does not inhibit the proteolytic activity of thrombin. Second, thromboxane B2 synthesis by thrombin-stimulated platelets was not affected by exogenous TSP. Finally, electron microscopy of thrombin-induced platelet aggregates showed that platelets were activated by thrombin regardless of the presence or absence of exogenous TSP. The results indicate that high concentrations of exogenous TSP (≥60 μg/ml) directly interfere with interplatelet recognition among thrombin-activated platelets. This inhibitory effect of TSP can be neutralized by anti-TSP Fab. In addition, anti-TSP Fab directly inhibits platelet aggregation induced by a low (0.02 U/ml) but not by a high (0.1 U/ml) concentration of thrombin. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that TSP is functionally important for platelet aggregation induced by low (≤0.05 U/ml) but not high (≥0.1 U/ml) concentrations of thrombin. High concentrations of exogenous TSP may univalently saturate all its platelet binding sites consequently interfering with TSP-crosslinking of thrombin-activated platelets.

CHANGES IN SMALL INTESTINE MICROFLORA IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-18
Author(s):  
V. M. Lykhman ◽  
O. M. Shevchenko ◽  
Ye. O. Bilodid ◽  
Igor Vladimirovich Volchenko ◽  
I. A. Kulyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Intestinal Obstruction ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Acute Intestinal Obstruction ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Mechanical Intestinal Obstruction ◽  
Facultative Anaerobic Bacteria

Among urgent surgical diseases of abdominal cavity, an acute intestinal obstruction is the most difficult to be diagnosed and treated. Leading factor, determining the development of pathophysiological processes is considered to be the progressive manifestations of enteric insufficiency syndrome, resulting in intestinal barrier impairment, negative changes in ecology of intestinal flora, increased endotoxins. To identify the small intestine microflora in acute intestinal obstruction and determine the role of dysbiotic disorders in clinical manifestations of main pathological process, a study was conducted in 60 patients with mechanical intestinal obstruction. The small intestine has a relatively rare microflora, consisting mainly of gram−positive facultative aerobic microorganisms, streptococci, lactobacilli. The distal ileum in nearly 30−55 % of healthy people contains scanty microflora, and yet the flora of this area differs from the microbial population of the higher gastrointestinal tract due to higher concentration of gram−negative bacteria. Optional−anaerobic coliform bacilli, anaerobic bifidobacteria and fusobacteria, bacteroids, the number of which starts exceeding the one of gram−positive species, are presented in significant quantities. Distal to the ileocecal valve there are significant changes in the microflora quantitative and species composition. Obligatory anaerobic bacteria become the predominant part of microflora, exceeding the number of aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria. The bacterial flora in different parts of gastrointestinal tract has its own specifics and is quite constant, as a result of the interaction of many factors, regulating the bacterial population in small intestine. The most important among them are: acidity of gastric juice, normal peristaltic activity of the intestine, bacterial interactions and immune mechanisms. Disorders of the intestine motor and evacuation function with its obstruction lead to slow passage of the chyme and contamination of the upper gastrointestinal tract with new types of microbes. There is a syndrome of small intestine excessive colonization, which means an increased concentration of bacterial populations in it, similar in species composition to the colon microflora. Pathological intra−intestinal contents become a source of endogenous infection and re−infection of the patient, leads to internal digestive disorders, which is manifested by syndrome of malabsorption of proteins, carbohydrates and vitamins. Key words: acute intestinal obstruction, small intestinal microflora, conditionally pathogenic microorganisms, intestinal biocenosis.

The metachor as a characteristic of the association of electrolytes in aqueous solutions

1984 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 1061-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiří Čeleda ◽  
Stanislav Škramovský
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Apparent Volume ◽  
Solutions Of Electrolytes ◽  
Molal Volumes ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
Suitable Characteristic ◽  
Association Of Ions ◽  
Very High

Based on the earlier paper introducing a concept of the apparent parachor of a solute in the solution, we have eliminated in the present work algebraically the effect which is introduced into this quantity by the additivity of the apparent molal volumes. The difference remaining from the apparent parachor after substracting the contribution corresponding to the apparent volume ( for which the present authors suggest the name metachor) was evaluated from the experimental values of the surface tension of aqueous solutions for a set of 1,1-, 1,2- and 2,1-valent electrolytes. This difference showed to be independent of concentration up to the very high values of the order of units mol dm-3 but it was directly proportional to the number of the free charges (with a proportionality factor 5 ± 1 cm3 mol-1 identical for all studied electrolytes). The metachor can be, for this reason, a suitable characteristic for detection of the association of ions and formation of complexes in the solutions of electrolytes, up to high concentrations where other methods are failing.

scholarly journals Dietary fermented rapeseed or/and soybean meal additives on performance and intestinal health of piglets

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Czech ◽  
Eugeniusz Ryszard Grela ◽  
Martyna Kiesz
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Feed Conversion Rate ◽  
Positive Effect

AbstractThe aim of the study was to assess the effect of fermented dried soybean (FSBM) and/or fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM) in diets for weaned piglets on production results, nutrient digestibility, gastrointestinal tract histology, and the composition of the gut microbiota. Piglets in the control group received standard diets with soybean meal. Animals in all experimental groups received diets in which a portion of the soybean meal was replaced: in group FR—8% FRSM; in group FR/FS—6% FRSM and 2% FSBM; in group FS/FR—2% FRSM and 6% FSBM and in group FS—8% FSBM. The use of 8% FRSM or 6% FRSM and 2% FSBM in the piglet diets had a positive effect on average daily gains. Piglets from the FR and FR/FS groups had the highest feed conversion rate. Group FS/FR and FS piglets had significantly lower mortality and lower incidence of diarrhoea. Piglets fed a diet with the fermented components, in particular with 8% FRSM or 6% FRSM and 2% FSBM, exhibited a positive effect on the microbiological composition and histology of intestines, which resulted in improved nutrient digestibility coefficients (ATTD and AID).

scholarly journals A long-term survivor of clear cell sarcoma-like tumor of the gastrointestinal tract with liver metastasis: a case report

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuhisa Okada ◽  
Yasumitsu Hirano ◽  
Shintaro Ishikawa ◽  
Hiroka Kondo ◽  
Toshimasa Ishii ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Liver Metastasis ◽  
Surgical Resection ◽  
Clear Cell ◽  
Clear Cell Sarcoma ◽  
Cell Sarcoma

Abstract Background Clear cell sarcoma-like tumor of the gastrointestinal tract (CCSLTGT) is extremely rare. It is a mesenchymal neoplasm that usually forms in the small intestine of adolescents and young adults, is prone to local recurrence and metastasis, and has a high mortality rate. We report a patient with CCSLTGT with lymph node- and liver metastases, who continues to survive 6 years after initial surgical resection. Case presentation A 38-year-old woman presented with lightheadedness. Laboratory analysis revealed anemia (hemoglobin, 6.7 g/dL), and enhanced computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a mass in the small intestine, about 6 cm in diameter, with swelling of 2 regional lymph nodes. Double-balloon small intestine endoscopic examination revealed a tumor accompanied by an ulcer; the biopsy findings suggested a primary cancer of the small intestine. She was admitted, and we then performed a laparotomy for partial resection of the small intestine with lymph node dissection. Pathologic examination revealed CCSLTGT with regional lymph node metastases. About 3 years later, follow-up CT revealed a single liver metastasis. Consequently, she underwent a laparoscopic partial liver resection. Histopathologic examination confirmed that the liver metastasis was consistent with CCSLTGT. It has now been 3 years without a recurrence. Conclusion Repeated radical surgical resection with close follow-up may be the only way to achieve long-term survival in patients with CCLSTGT.

scholarly journals Reaction of Chalcones with Cellular Thiols. The Effect of the 4-Substitution of Chalcones and Protonation State of the Thiols on the Addition Process. Diastereoselective Thiol Addition

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (14) ◽  
pp. 4332
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Kenari ◽  
Szilárd Molnár ◽  
Pál Perjési
Keyword(s):  
Biological Effects ◽  
Equilibrium Composition ◽  
Deprotonated Form ◽  
Degree Of Ionization ◽  
Thiol Reactivity ◽  
Michael Type Addition ◽  
Ph Conditions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Initial Reactivity

Several biological effects of chalcones have been reported to be associated with their thiol reactivity. In vivo, the reactions can result in the formation of small-molecule or protein thiol adducts. Both types of reactions can play a role in the biological effects of this class of compounds. Progress of the reaction of 4-methyl- and 4-methoxychalcone with glutathione and N-acetylcysteine was studied by the HPLC-UV-VIS method. The reactions were conducted under three different pH conditions. HPLC-MS measurements confirmed the structure of the formed adducts. The chalcones reacted with both thiols under all incubation conditions. The initial rate and composition of the equilibrium mixtures depended on the ratio of the deprotonated form of the thiols. In the reaction of 4-methoxychalcone with N-acetylcysteine under strongly basic conditions, transformation of the kinetic adduct into the thermodynamically more stable one was observed. Addition of S-protonated N-acetylcysteine onto the polar double bonds of the chalcones showed different degrees of diastereoselectivity. Both chalcones showed a Michael-type addition reaction with the ionized and non-ionized forms of the investigated thiols. The initial reactivity of the chalcones and the equilibrium composition of the incubates showed a positive correlation with the degree of ionization of the thiols. Conversions showed systematic differences under each set of conditions. The observed differences can hint at the difference in reported biological actions of 4-methyl- and 4-methoxy-substituted chalcones.

Carbohydrase activity in the pancreatic tissue and small intestine mucosa of sheep fed dried-grass or ground maize-based diets

1985 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 435-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Janes ◽  
T. E. C. Weekes ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Pancreatic Tissue ◽  
Proximal Region ◽  
Small Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Intestine Mucosa ◽  
Ruminant Animals ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Small Intestinal

SummaryTwo groups of six sheep were fed either dried-grass or ground maize-based diets for at least 4 weeks before slaughter. Samples of the small intestinal mucosa and spancreatic tissue were assayed for a-amylase, glucoamylase, maltase and oligo-l,6-glucosidase.The pancreatic tissue contained high activities of α-amylase and much lower activities of glucoamylase, maltase and oligo-1,6-glucosidase. There was no effect of diet on the specific activities of any of these enzymes in the pancreatic tissue.The activity of α-amylase adsorbed on to the mucosa of the small intestine was greatest in the proximal region of the small intestine, the activity generally declining with increasing distance away from the pylorus. There was no diet effect on the absorbed α-amylase activity.Similar patterns of distribution along the small intestine were observed for maltase, glucoamylase and oligo-1,6-glucosidase with the highest activities in t he jejunum. There was no overall effect of diet on glucoamylase or maltase specific activities and glucoamylase total activity, although the total activities of maltase and oligo-1,6-glucosidase were significantly greater for the sheep fed the ground maize-based diet (P < 0·05).It is suggested that ruminant animals may be capable of digesting large amounts of starch in the small intestine through an adaptation in the activity of the host carbohydrases.

scholarly journals Metastatic Melanoma Presenting as Intussusception in an 80-Year-Old Man: A Case Report

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Alghamdi ◽  
Yumna Omarzai
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Metastatic Melanoma ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Common Site ◽  
Neoplastic Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
Uncommon Neoplasm

Malignant melanoma of the gastrointestinal tract is an uncommon neoplasm that could be primary or metastatic. Small intestine represents the most common site for the metastatic melanoma; however, it could be found anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract. Intussusception is a rare cause of intestinal obstruction in adults compared to children. In 90% of the cases, the underlying cause can be found, and in 65% of the cases, intussusception is caused by the neoplastic process. The majority of the neoplasms are benign, and about 15% are malignant. Metastatic melanoma is one of the most common metastatic malignancies to the gastrointestinal tract; however, the premortem diagnosis is rarely made. Here, we report an uncommon clinical presentation of metastatic melanoma causing intussusception in an 80-year-old man. This diagnosis should be considered in a differential diagnosis in any patient who presents with gastrointestinal symptoms and a history of melanoma.

675. The carbon dioxide content of New Zealand Cheddar cheese

1957 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Cheddar Cheese ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content ◽  
Single Strain ◽  
Open Texture ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Lower Temperature

Some of the factors influencing the concentration of carbon dioxide found in New Zealand Cheddar cheese have been investigated.1. Cheeses made with the use of commercial starters (containing betacocci) are characterized by a rapid increase in their carbon dioxide content during the 2 weeks following manufacture.2. Cheeses made with the use of single strain starters do not change in carbon dioxide content in the first 2 weeks following manufacture, but may ultimately contain as much carbon dioxide as commercial starter cheeses.3. High concentrations of carbon dioxide within a cheese result in an open texture, especially when the carbon dioxide is formed shortly after manufacture.4. The loss of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere is demonstrated by the existence of a carbon dioxide concentration gradient within the cheese.5. Storage of cheese at a lower temperature than is usual results in retarded carbon dioxide formation.

Factors influencing tartrate uptake by Penicillium charlesii

1968 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 579-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. Klatt ◽  
J. E. Gander
Keyword(s):  
Spore Germination ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
High Concentrations

The uptake of tartrate by P. charlesii has been studied for cultures that were either aerated by shaking or were kept stationary. Stationary cultures were permeable to tartrate when high concentrations of NH4+ (above 36 mM) and glucose (278 mM) were present. Manganous ion (10−5 M) was required for the uptake of tartrate by stationary cultures containing high concentrations of NH4+. Both stationary and shake cultures were able to remove tartrate from the medium when the glucose concentration was reduced below 278 mM; the process was then no longer dependent upon the presence of Mn2+. The influence of changes in the concentrations of glucose and NH4+ was not related to the biochemical events of spore germination.

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