scholarly journals Inclusion of cottonseed meal into loose mineral mix supplements increases the voluntary intake of the supplement by grazing heifers

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 315
Author(s):  
R. M. Dixon ◽  
A. Anderson ◽  
J. C. Petherick
Keyword(s):  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Lithium Sulfate ◽  
Protein Meal ◽  
Grazing Cattle ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Supplement Intake

Loose mineral mix (LMM) supplements based on ingredients such as salt, urea and minerals offered ad libitum are widely used to provide additional nutrients to grazing cattle, but it is often difficult to achieve target intakes. An experiment with heifers grazing mature tropical pasture examined the effects of substituting 80, 160 or 320 g/kg of the salt in a LMM supplement with cottonseed meal on the voluntary intake of the LMM supplements by paddock groups of heifers over 10 weeks. Average voluntary intake of a LMM containing (g/kg) 640 salt, 300 urea and 60 ammonium sulfate (40.2 g DM and 6.14 g total nitrogen/day) was increased linearly (P < 0.001) to 50.8 g DM and 8.88 g total nitrogen/day when up to 320 g/kg cottonseed meal was substituted for salt in the LMM. This increase in intake of nitrogen in LMM was due to the increase in voluntary intake of the supplement rather than the increased nitrogen concentration of supplement. The distribution of daily intake of supplement within paddock groups of heifers was estimated during Weeks 5 and 10 using supplements labelled with lithium sulfate. Neither the coefficient of variation within paddock groups of heifers in supplement intake (mean 96%), nor the proportion of non-consumers of supplement (mean 17%), was changed (P > 0.05) by substitution of salt with cottonseed meal. In conclusion, the inclusion of a palatable protein meal into LMM increased the voluntary intake of this type of supplement.

Effects of supplement type and previous experience on variability in intake of supplements by heifers

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 529 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Dixon ◽  
A. White ◽  
P. Fry ◽  
J. C. Petherick
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Previous Experience ◽  
Lithium Sulfate ◽  
Native Pasture ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Supplement Intake

Intakes, and variability in intakes, of a range of supplements were examined in groups (n = 10–20) of cattle grazing tropical native pasture in 24-ha paddocks. Intakes of supplement by individual animals were measured using lithium sulfate as a marker. In Expt 1, heifers (n = 160) were offered 1 of 4 supplements consisting of (i) a restricted amount of cottonseed meal (CSM); or ad libitum amounts of (ii) molasses containing 74 g urea/kg (M8U), (iii) a loose mineral mix (LMM) containing (g/kg) salt 390, urea 300, CSM 150, calcium phosphate 150, and sulfur 10, and (iv) feed block supplements containing (g/kg) molasses 494, urea 99, calcium phosphate 62, salt 62, bran 62, calcium oxide 148, and magnesium oxide 74. After 5 and 10 weeks the variation in supplement intake among heifers within a group was lower (P < 0.05) for CSM and M8U (coefficient of variation (CV) 24–37%) than for the LMM or block supplements (CV 55–118%). All heifers offered CSM or M8U consumed at least some supplement, but up to 5% and 20% of heifers were non-eaters of LMM or block supplement, respectively. Both the per�cent non-eaters of supplement and the variability in intake of these latter supplements tended (P < 0.10) to decline as the experiment progressed. In Expt 2 the same heifers were re-allocated to paddock groups and were offered ad libitum supplements of (i) M8U, (ii) molasses containing 107 g urea/kg (M12U), (iii) M8U mixed with monensin (M8U-M), or (iv) M8U mixed with meatmeal (M8U-MM). The CV of supplement intake ranged from 37 to 58%, and except in one paddock group offered M8U-MM, all heifers consumed at least some supplement. In Expt�3, paddock groups of heifers (n = 120) without, or with experience of LMM supplements during the previous dry season were offered LMM supplements containing either nil or 300�g CSM/kg. Voluntary intake of LMM supplement DM was increased (P < 0.001) by 93% by inclusion of CSM and decreased (P < 0.05) by 24% by previous experience of a similar LMM supplement. Neither variability in supplement intake (CV 66–150%) nor the per�cent non-eaters was significantly (P > 0.05) affected by previous experience of the heifers with LMM supplements or inclusion of CSM in the supplement. However, the per cent non-eaters of LMM supplement was inversely related to the mean voluntary intake of the supplement by the paddock group; when the average voluntary intake of the supplement by the paddock group exceeded 0.2 g DM/kg LW.day, then ≤10% of heifers were non-eaters of supplement. In conclusion, within groups of heifers offered LMM and block supplements the variability in intake and per cent non-eaters of supplement were higher than for cottonseed meal or molasses-urea supplements, and variability appeared to be associated with voluntary intake of the supplements.

Estimation of roughage intake in sheep using a known daily intake of a labelled supplement

2005 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Elwert ◽  
H. Dove
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Supplement Intake ◽  
Matter Basis

AbstractA feeding trial with growing sheep was conducted on mixed roughage-supplement diets, to test whether roughage intake could be estimated from a known intake of a supplement and an alkane-based estimate of the supplement and roughage proportions in the diet (diet composition) without the need for separate dosing with external marker alkanes. Diets consisted of chaffed Trifolium subterraneum hay (SC), or a mix of SC and beeswax-labelled cottonseed meal (CSM) in the proportions of 7: 1, 6: 2, 5: 3 and 4: 4 (air-dry matter basis). Six sheep were given the pure SC diet and three sheep were given each of the mixed diets. Additionally, the CSM was also labelled with octatriacontane (C38) to investigate its use for labelling supplements. Due to unexpectedly low recoveries, C38 was not included in any estimation of diet composition or digestibility.The inclusion of beeswax-labelled CSM in a SC diet resulted in lower faecal alkane recoveries (as proportions of alkane ingested; P ≤ 0·05). Within mixed diets, recoveries decreased significantly with increasing proportion of CSM, but this effect was significant (P < 0·05) only for alkanes consisting of 25, 26, 27 and 29 carbon-atoms. Estimates of diet composition were close to measured values. Daily SC intake and organic matter digestibility (OMD) differed by −3·7 to 7·2% and −2·0 to 5·7% from measured values if a mean faecal recovery, across diets, was applied for each alkane. Accuracy increased greatly if estimates were based upon faecal alkane recoveries for individual diets, instead of mean recoveries across diets (−0·3 to 0·9% and −0·2 to 0·0% for SC intake and OMD, respectively).The results indicate that roughage intake can be estimated from a combination of known supplement intake and an estimate of diet composition, which obviates the need for separate alkane dosing to estimate intake. The method should be applicable in situations in which animals either normally receive supplements (e.g., dairy cows) or could readily be given supplements.

Controlling voluntary intake of molasses-based supplements in grazing cattle

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 217 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Tropical Pastures ◽  
Urea Content ◽  
Grazing Cattle ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Intake

Molasses-based liquid supplements fed ad libitum are widely used to provide additional metabolisable energy, non-protein N (NPN) and other nutrients to grazing cattle, but it is often difficult to achieve target intakes of supplementary nutrients. Experiments examined the effects of increasing concentrations of phosphoric acid, urea and ammonium sulfate on the voluntary intake (VI) of molasses-based supplements offered ad libitum to heifers grazing tropical pastures. In Experiment 1, the VI of a supplement containing 78 g urea/kg and 26 g phosphoric acid/kg as-fed (M80U+PA) was 3.61 g DM/kg liveweight (LW) per day, and provided 181 mg NPN and 32.4 mg phosphorus (P)/kg LW per day. Increasing the urea content of the supplement to 137 g/kg (M140U+PA) or 195 g/kg (M200U+PA) reduced VI of supplement DM, NPN and P by up to 76%, 44% and 80%, respectively. VI of supplement containing ammonium sulfate (M140+AS+PA) was lower (P < 0.05) than that of M140U+PA supplement, and tended (P > 0.05) to be lower than that of M200U+PA supplement. In experiment 2, the VI by heifers of a supplement containing 200 g urea/kg (M200U) was 1.53 g supplement DM/kg LW per day, which provided 186 mg NPN/kg LW per day. Inclusion of 49 g phosphoric acid/kg as-fed in this supplement (M190U+50PA) reduced (P < 0.05) VI of supplement DM and NPN by 33% and 36%, respectively, while inclusion of 97 g phosphoric acid/kg (M180U+100PA) reduced (P < 0.05) VI of supplement DM and NPN by 43% and 48%, respectively. The M190U+50PA and M180U+100PA supplements provided 16 and 26 mg P/kg LW per day, respectively. Heifers not fed supplements gained 0.07 kg/day, and the M200U supplement increased (P < 0.05) LW gain to 0.18 kg/day. LW gain was further increased (P < 0.05) by the M190U+50PA to 0.28 kg/day, indicating a growth response to supplementary P. No adverse effects of the supplements on animal health were observed in any of the experiments. In conclusion, addition of urea and/or phosphoric acid to molasses supplements effectively reduced VI of supplementary DM, NPN and P, and in the circumstances of Experiment 2, both molasses-urea and P supplements increased heifer LW.

Responses to supplements by weaned lambs when grazing mature pasture or eating hay cut from the same pasture

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 661-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Freer ◽  
H. Dove ◽  
A. Axelsen ◽  
J. R. Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Substitution Rate ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Total Intake ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Supplement Intake

SummaryWeaned cross-bred lambs either grazed mature pasture or were confined to yards where they were offered material cut from ungrazed areas of the same pasture. A 1:2 mixture (on an air-dry basis) of sunflower meal and oat grain was offered for 81 days at 0, 200, 400 or 600 g/head or ad libitum. Individual estimates of intake of pasture and supplement by grazing sheep at four levels of supplementation were made on four adjacent plots.Weight gain increased from –30 to 178 g/day in the grazing animals as supplement intake increased up to 1030 g D.M./day and from –25 to 142 g/day in the yarded animals as supplement intake increased to 1076 g D.M./day. Growth of greasy wool increased from 4·5 to 11·7 g/day for grazing animals and from 4·5 to 10·2 g/day for those kept in yards.At levels of supplement intake below 400 g D.M./day, the intake of grazed pasture increased by up to 58% compared with unsupplemented animals. However, when the intake of supplement was increased to about 650 g D.M./day, pasture intake fell, with an estimated substitution rate of 1·1 g D.M. pasture per g D.M. supplement. At all levels of supplementation, the intake of hay by the yarded lambs was less than half the intake of herbage in the field. However, at levels of supplement intake between 300 and 500 g D.M./day, the substitution rate was similar to that measured in the grazing animals, suggesting that this is an attribute of roughage quality, rather than differential eating behaviour between grazing and yarded animals.The wastage, w (g D.M./day), of supplement was linearly related to the amount offered, s (g D.M./day), by the equationw = 0·263s − 38·8; R2 = 0·89Variability in supplement intake between individual grazing lambs was not affected by the level of supplementation but the coefficient of variation of supplement intake was considerably greater than that of the intake of unsupplemented pasture. Variability in the intake of pasture increased with the level of supplementation but variability in the total intake of food was similar at each level of supplement, indicating some degree of individual compensation in the intake of the two components.

Effects of growth hormone-releasing factors and cottonseed meal on hormones and metabolites in plasma from lambs fed lucerne chaff ad libitum

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
RD Sainz ◽  
BJ Hosking ◽  
FJ Hart ◽  
GSG Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Ad Libitum

This study was part of an experiment on the effects of cottonseed meal (CSM) and growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) on growth in lambs fed lucerne chaff. Forty-eight crossbred lambs were fed lucerne chaff ad libitum, alone or with a cottonseed meal supplement (CSM; 300 g/day). Eight lambs from each group were injected twice daily with recombinant or synthetic GRF (rGRF and sGRF respectively; 30 8g per kg body weight/day) or excipient only for 28 or 30 days. Jugular blood samples were obtained on days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28. On day 29, blood samples were taken from selected lambs (n = 2/group) at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 160 and 240 min after injection. Supplementation of lucerne chaff with CSM generally increased glucose and urea concentrations in plasma, reflecting improved energy and protein status. However, concentrations of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin were unaffected by CSM, as were plasma proteins, triacylglycerols and non-esterified fatty acids. Injection of rGRF and sGRF stimulated secretion of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin. Peak GH concentrations (20 min) following injection of GRF appeared to be higher in lambs fed CSM than in those receiving lucerne chaff alone. In contrast, maximal concentrations of IGF-1 were seen after 14 days of treatment. These changes were accompanied by increased plasma glucose, with no changes in triacylglycerols, non-esterified fatty acids and protein. Plasma urea was reduced by GRF, indicating that amino acids were diverted away from catabolism towards protein synthesis. These two sources of GRF were very similar in their endocrine and metabolic effects. This confirms similar observations regarding their effects on growth performance and carcass composition.

Effects of nutrition in late pregnancy on subsequent milk production in Ewes

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. T. Treacher
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Lower Content ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Total Birth ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Intake

SUMMARY1. Scottish Half-bred ewes carrying twin foetuses were fed individually to make live-weight gains in the last six weeks of pregnancy of (1) 20%, (2) 10% and (3) 0% of their live weight in week 14 of pregnancy. In lactation the ewes were fed ad libitum. The lambs were removed 12 to 16 hr after parturition and the ewes were machine-milked twice daily for the first six weeks of lactation.2. Total birth weights per ewe of twin lambs from the treatments were (1) 10·10 kg, (2) 9·44 kg and (3) 8·18 kg and differed significantly.3. The level and pattern of voluntary intake in lactation did not differ significantly between the treatments. Total dry-matter intakes in the six weeks of lactation were (1) 121·9 kg (2) 105·9 kg and (3) 109·5 kg.4. The pregnancy treatments affected the level of milk production and the shape of lactation curves. The total yields in the first six weeks of lactation were (1) 58·8 kg, (2) 43·5 kg and (3) 26·9 kg. Higher contents of fat and protein and the lower content of lactose in the milk from treatment-3 ewes on days 1 and 3 of lactation indicated a slower onset of lactation in these ewes. Between days 7 and 35 of lactation the contents of fat and SNF were lowest on treatment 3 but the differences were not significant.5. The live-weight changes in lactation, which were in inverse order to the gains in late pregnancy, were (1) 3·4 kg, (2) 5·5 kg and (3) 9·5 kg.

scholarly journals NUTRITIVE VALUE OF FRESH AND DRIED MARROW-STEM KALE HARVESTED AT TWO DIFFERENT PERIODS

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. PELLETIER ◽  
E. DONEFER
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Plant Constituents ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Intake

Three yearling Cheviot × Suffolk ewes and three Columbia wethers were confined in metabolic cages and fed ad libitum fresh and dried marrow-stem kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala D.C.) harvested in mid- and late October. Chemical analyses of the forages indicated no marked effects on any of the plant constituents due to drying or advancing maturity. Digestibility measurements demonstrated that marrow-stem kale (MSK) was a highly digestible material with an average dry matter digestibility of 78%. The fresh forages had higher (P < 0.05) dry matter and gross energy digestibility values than the dried form. Dry matter digestibility coefficients were higher (P < 0.05) for late October as compared with the earlier harvest. A trend toward higher (P > 0.05) voluntary intake values due to drying maturity was observed with an average relative intake of 80%. The nutritive value index averaged 65, thus indicating a digestible energy intake similar to a high-quality (legume) forage.

Factors Influencing the Calibration of near Infrared Reflectometry Applied to the Assessment of Total Nitrogen in Potato. II. Operator, Moisture and Maturity Class

1995 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Young ◽  
Donald K.L. MacKerron ◽  
Howard V. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Spectral Data ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Maturity Class ◽  
The One ◽  
Low Nitrogen

Oven dried samples of leaf stem and tuber material taken from a nitrogen field experiment were analysed by Dumas combustion when fresh and by near infrared (NIR) then, and in the next two years, by a number of operators who made estimates of nitrogen concentration, [N]NIR, with differing degrees of error. The errors differed between years in the case of the one operator who made estimates in two years. Leaf, stem and tuber material of high and low nitrogen concentration were treated to produce samples at various moisture contents. These samples were scanned by NIR and the spectral data were examined. Higher moisture was found to decrease the reflectance at all the wavelengths used and would, therefore, introduce error into [N]NIR estimates. The NIR calibration used was found to be applicable to cultivars in a range of maturity classes. Several recommendations are made that will help to minimise the error introduced into [N]NIR estimates from various sources.

Total nitrogen concentration in leaves of potatoes (Solanum tuberosumL.) as an index of nutritional status

1976 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gupta ◽  
M. C. Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Tuber Yield ◽  
Critical Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N ◽  
Potato Plants ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Total Nitrogen Concentration

SummaryLeaf samples were collected, at weekly intervals, throughout the growing season, from potato (Solanum tuberosumL.) plants supplied with varying amounts of nitrogen (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg N/ha) and analysed for total N. Application of nitrogen increased the N concentration in the green leaves at all stages of growth. There was a significant curvilinear relationship between the final tuber yield and the total N concentration in the leaves at 48–90 days after planting in 1968–9 and at 79–107 days after planting in 1969–70. The N concentration at 70–90 days after planting was consistently related to the final tuber yield in both years. Thus this period was ideal for assessing the nitrogen status of potato plants. The critical concentration of total nitrogen generally decreased with advance in age. It ranged from 4·65% at 76 days to 3·30% at 90 days during 1968–9, whereas in 1969–70 it ranged from 4·20% at 79 days to 3·80% at 93 days. During the period from 83 to 86 days the critical percentage was around 3·6% in both the years.

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