A combination of xylanase, amylase and protease influences growth performance, nutrient utilisation, starch and protein digestive dynamics in broiler chickens offered maize-, sorghum- and wheat-based diets

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1255 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Y. Liu ◽  
D. J. Cadogan ◽  
A. Péron ◽  
H. H. Truong ◽  
P. H. Selle
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Proximal Jejunum ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Nutrient Utilisation ◽  
Enzyme Combination ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Enzyme Supplementation ◽  
The Impact

In order to examine the influence of an enzyme combination of xylanase, amylase and protease on growth performance and energy utilisation in boiler chickens offered maize-, sorghum- and wheat-based diets and also determine the impact of exogenous enzymes on digestive dynamics of starch and protein in the small intestine and their relativity to broiler performance, a 3 × 2 factorial array of dietary treatments were offered to 288 male Ross 308 chicks from 7 to 27 days post-hatch. Apparent digestibility coefficients of starch, protein and fat in the proximal jejunum, distal jejunum, proximal ileum and distal ileum were determined at Day 27. The digestion rates of starch, protein and energy were predicted by using exponential mathematical models to fit apparent digestibility coefficients with mean retention times in each small intestinal segment. Sorghum-based diets supported the highest weight gain (P < 0.05) and feed intake (P < 0.05) but feed conversion ratios (FCR) were similar across all three grain-based diets (P > 0.10). There were significant interactions between grain type and enzyme supplementation in FCR and the enzyme combination significantly improved FCR in maize-based diets only (P < 0.01). The enzyme combination significantly increased apparent metabolisable energy (AME) in all three grain-based diets (P < 0.05) and increased nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolisable energy (AMEn) in maize- and wheat-based diets (P < 0.05). Wheat-based diets had the lowest N retention (P < 0.01), relative gizzard weight (P < 0.001) and highest gizzard pH (P < 0.05). There were significant grain × enzyme supplementation interactions for starch (P < 0.01) and N (P < 0.05) digestibility coefficients in the four small intestinal segments. Starch digestibility responses to the enzyme combination were most pronounced in wheat-based diets with significant improvement in all segments. The enzyme combination significantly retarded starch digestion rates (P < 0.05) but did not influence protein (N) digestion rates (P > 0.25). In conclusion, feed conversion of sorghum-based diet (1.475) was significantly more efficient than those based on maize (1.518) and wheat (1.532) in non-supplemented diets. The enzyme combination significantly improved energy utilisation (AME) in all three grain-based diets and improved feed conversion efficiency in maize-based diets.

scholarly journals Addition of sodium metabisulfite and microbial phytase, individually and in combination, to a sorghum-based diet for broiler chickens from 7 to 28 days post-hatch

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
pp. 1484 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Truong ◽  
D. J. Cadogan ◽  
S. Y. Liu ◽  
P. H. Selle
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Pasting Properties ◽  
Sodium Metabisulfite ◽  
Proximal Jejunum ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Nutrient Utilisation ◽  
Microbial Phytase ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Sodium metabisulfite (SMBS; 1.75 g/kg) and phytase (1000 FTU/kg), individually and in combination, were included in steam-pelleted, sorghum-based (580 g/kg) broiler diets from 7 to 28 days post-hatch. Rapid visco-analysis starch pasting properties of dietary treatments were monitored. Parameters of growth performance, nutrient utilisation, relative organ weights, toe ash, excreta moisture, apparent starch and nitrogen digestibility coefficients and disappearance rates in four small intestinal segments were determined. There were significant treatment interactions in the proximal jejunum (P < 0.01) and distal ileum (P < 0.05) for nitrogen digestibility coefficients. SMBS alone significantly increased jejunal nitrogen digestibility by 14.9% (0.634 vs 0.552) but the response to SMBS in combination with phytase was negligible (0.558 vs 0.552). SMBS alone significantly increased ileal nitrogen digestibility by 4.92% (0.786 vs 0.732) but the combination numerically improved digestibility by 0.96% (0.739 vs 0.732). SMBS alone tended to increase starch digestibility by 12.0% (0.691 vs 0.617; P = 0.064) in the proximal jejunum and increased rapidly digestible starch by 17.2% (116 vs 99 g/bird.day; P < 0.02). However, SMBS tended to depress apparent metabolisable energy by 0.33 MJ (P < 0.10). Therefore, consideration is given to the mechanisms influencing starch digestion rates, energy utilisation and nitrogen digestibility interactions between SMBS and phytase in this feeding study.

The impacts of a fibrolytic enzyme additive on digestibility and performance in the grower period, and supplemental Saccharomyces cerevisiae on performance and rumen health in the finisher period for feedlot steers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa S. Williams ◽  
Ousama AlZahal ◽  
Ira B. Mandell ◽  
Brian McBride ◽  
Katie Wood
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Gut Barrier Function ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of a fibrolytic enzyme pretreatment on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility, and ruminal pH throughout the grower and early finisher period (Exp. 1), and to examine the impact of Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation on intake, performance, and indicators of gut health in the late finisher period (Exp. 2). Fifty-four steers were randomly assigned to a subgroup determining experimental treatment groups. In Exp. 1, steers were randomized to: control (CON1; no enzyme) or enzyme (ENZ; 0.75 ml kg-1 DM of feed) dietary treatments. Digestibility was improved (P≤0.05) in ENZ steers for DM, CP, NEg, and sugars, but did not affect (P≥0.12) DMI, ADG, or reticulo-ruminal pH. In Exp. 2, the treatments were: control (CON2; no yeast) or yeast (YST; 3.0 g animal-1 daily) supplemented diets. Rumen papillae were collected for mRNA expression of gut barrier function (OCLN, CLDN, ZO1, ZO2) and immune response (TLR2, TLR4, FCAR) genes and histological measurements. YST decreased (P<0.001) DMI by 31%, reduced variation in dry matter intake, and improved feed conversion ratios, but did not impact rumen health mRNA expression or histology measures (P≥0.07). Overall, ENZ improved the digestibility of some nutrients in the grower period, and YST improved feed efficiency, without impacting growth performance or gut health.

scholarly journals An assessment of the influence of macronutrients on growth performance and nutrient utilisation in broiler chickens by nutritional geometry

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (12) ◽  
pp. 2129-2138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Y. Liu ◽  
Peter H. Selle ◽  
David Raubenheimer ◽  
David J. Cadogan ◽  
Stephen J. Simpson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Nutrient Utilisation

AbstractThe right-angled triangle mixture experiment was designed to include fourteen diets with different concentrations of starch, protein and lipid. Experimental diets were offered to male Ross 308 broiler chickens from 10 to 23 d after hatching, and response curves and surfaces were generated to illustrate the influence of macronutrients on growth performance and nutrient utilisations. Despite the primary function of macronutrients, especially protein, may not be providing energy, macronutrients were expressed as energy derived from starch, protein and fat for statistical purposes in the mixture design. Energy derived from lipid had a greater impact on feed intake than energy derived from starch and protein. When we compared the influence of starch and protein on feed intake, ‘equal distance rule’ was observed, which means the animal consumes feed to the point on its respective nutritional rails where the shortage of starch exactly equals the surplus of consumed protein. Increasing the protein-derived energy intake increased weight gain in broiler chickens, whereas energy intake derived from starch and lipid had little impact on weight gain. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) may be reduced by either increasing protein energy intake or decreasing starch energy intake. As the slope of the contours was less than 1, the influence of starch energy intakes on FCR exceeded that of protein energy intakes. In conclusion, energy derived from protein is more important than non-protein energy in terms of weight gain, and a balance between protein and energy supplies is required for efficient muscle protein deposition.

scholarly journals Morphology of small intestinal mucosa and intestinal weight change with metabolic type of cattle

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 525-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Zitnan ◽  
J. Voigt ◽  
S. Kuhla ◽  
J. Wegner ◽  
A. Chudy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Proximal Jejunum ◽  
Small Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Cattle Breeds ◽  
Metabolic Type ◽  
Small Intestinal

The objective of this study was to investigate rumen fermentation, apparent digestibility of nutrients, and morphology of ruminal und intestinal mucosa in two cattle breeds of different metabolic type. From each breed six purebred German Holstein (H) bulls representing the secretion type and six Charolais (CH) bulls representing the accretion type were raised and fattened under identical conditions with <I>semi ad libitum</I> feeding of a high energy diet. The animals were used for a digestion trial started at nine months of age and animals were slaughtered at 18 months of age. Body weight (668 vs. 764 kg, <I>P</I> = 0.011), body weight gain (1 223 vs. 1 385 g/day, <I>P</I> = 0.043), and body protein gain (93 vs. 128 g/day, <I>P</I> = 0.001) were lower in H compared to CH bulls. Protein expense per kg protein accretion was higher in H bulls (13.8 vs. 10.2, <I>P</I> = 0.001). No significant differences were found in concentration and pattern of ruminal short chain fatty acid and in apparent digestibility of organic matter, crude fibre, and N-free extracts. There were no significant differencs in all morphometric traits of rumen mucosa between both cattle breeds. Compared to H, the villi of CH bulls were higher in duodenum (586 vs. 495 &mu;m, <I>P</I> = 0.001) and proximal jejunum (598 vs. 518&mu;m, <I>P</I> < 0.001), the crypt were deeper in duodenum (295 vs. 358, <I>P</I>< 0.001) and proximal jejunum (292 vs. 344 &mu;m, <I>P</I> = 0.020). In contrast, the villi in ileum were higher in H (522 vs. 471 &mu;m, <I>P</I> = 0.006). The weight of total small intestine, as percentage of total body weight, was 1.1 in H and 0.8 in CH (<I>P</I> = 0.002). The utilization of food crude protein was positively related to the duodenal (<I>P</I> = 0.001) and proximal jejunal villus height (<I>P</I> = 0.003) and to the duodenal crypt depth (<I>P</I> < 0.001) and negatively related to weight of small intestine (<I>P</I> = 0.004). It is concluded, that the higher growth potential and feed efficiency in CH bulls compared to H bulls is not caused by differences in digestion processes, but in size of small intestine, and morphology of small intestinal mucosa. Obviously the duodenum and proximal jejunum of CH bulls adapt to increase the absorptive surface due to the increase in nutrient demand.

Steam-pelleting and feed form of broiler diets based on three coarsely ground sorghums influences growth performance,nutrient utilisation, starch and nitrogen digestibility

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (9) ◽  
pp. 842 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. Selle ◽  
S. Y. Liu ◽  
J. Cai ◽  
A. J. Cowieson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Disulfide Bonds ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Protein Solubility ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Proximal Jejunum ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Nutrient Utilisation ◽  
Feed Form ◽  
Sulphydryl Groups

Sorghum grains with red, white and yellow seed colours were coarsely ground and incorporated into nutritionally equivalent diets that were offered to broiler chicks in three feed forms. The diets were fed as mash or steam-pelleted at a conditioning temperature of 90°C and fed as intact pellets or ground back into mash as reground pellets. The effects of a 3 × 3 factorial array of dietary treatments offered to male chicks from 6 to 27 days post-hatch on growth performance, nutrient utilisation and apparent digestibility coefficients of starch and nitrogen (N) at the proximal jejunum, proximal ileum and distal ileum were determined. Feed form had a greater impact on the parameters assessed than did sorghum seed colour, but several interactions between these main effects were observed. Steam-pelleting diets reduced protein solubility and this was correlated with increased concentrations of disulfide bonds and decreased concentrations of free sulphydryl groups. Steam-pelleting diets significantly depressed N retention in broiler chicks and this reduction was appropriately correlated with concentrations of disulfide bonds and free sulphydryl groups and dietary protein solubility. While N retention was depressed, in a curious outcome, steam-pelleting diets did not compromise N digestibility along the small intestine. Steam-pelleting diets significantly increased starch digestibility coefficients in the proximal jejunum, with differing responses among the sorghums, but not in the two ileal levels. Phytate concentrations in the three sorghums were negatively correlated with N digestibility coefficients at the proximal jejunum and proximal ileum. The implications of the present feeding study in relation to the performance of broiler chickens offered steam-pelleted, sorghum-based diets are discussed.

Effect of early weaning age on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and serum parameters of lambs

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 110 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-M. Chai ◽  
T. Ma ◽  
H.-C. Wang ◽  
M.-L. Qi ◽  
Y. Tu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Serum Parameters ◽  
Creep Feed ◽  
Nutrient Utilisation ◽  
Weaning Age

To determine the effect of a weaning program on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and serum parameters in Hu lambs, 48 newly born twin lambs (2.53 ± 0.13 kg; 24 male and 24 female) were randomly divided into four treatments: ewe reared (ER) or weaned at 10, 20, or 30 days post birth (EW10, EW20, and EW30) and fed milk replacer (MR). All liquid feed were eliminated at 60 days of age. Creep feed was offered ad libitum to all lambs from 15 to 90 days of age. The results indicated that lambs fed MR had higher liveweight, average daily gain, and creep feed intake (P < 0.001) than those in the ER group. There were no differences between treatments in the apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen or phosphorus (P > 0.05) from 50 to 60 days of age. The apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus of EW20 and EW30 groups were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of EW10 and ER groups from 80 to 90 days of age. Lambs in the EW10 group had higher concentration of albumin, serum urea nitrogen, and immunoglobulin G levels than those of other groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, early weaning could improve creep intake, growth performance, and nutrient utilisation of Hu lambs. Early weaning age had a significant effect on the growth of lambs.

scholarly journals Effects of chitosan supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and digestive enzyme activity in weaned pigs

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 156-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Xu ◽  
B. Shi ◽  
S. Yan ◽  
J. Li ◽  
T. Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Digestive Enzyme Activity ◽  
Proximal Jejunum ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Weaned Pigs

The present experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary chitosan on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and digestive enzyme activities in weaned pigs. A total of 180 weaned pigs (35 days of age, 11.56 &plusmn; 1.61 kg of body weight (BW)) were selected and assigned randomly to 5 treatments containing 0, 100, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg chitosan per kg feed, respectively. Each treatment involved six replicate pens and six pigs per pen. On days 14 and 28, all pigs were weighed and six from each treatment (one from each replicate pen) were killed, and the contents of the stomach, jejunum, and rectum were collected and used for determining nutrient digestibility and digestive enzyme activity. The results showed that supplementation of chitosan improved quadratically average daily gain (ADG) (P &lt; 0.05). Moreover, dietary chitosan quadratically (P &lt; 0.05) increased apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP) on days 14 and 28, and quadratically increased apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM) on day 14 and of Ca and P on day 28, whereas decreased (P &lt; 0.05) apparent digestibility of ether extract in comparison with the control diet. In addition, dietary chitosan quadratically increased (P = 0.062) amylase activity of proximal jejunum and decreased (P &lt; 0.05) lipase activity of distal jejunum compared with the control. These data indicated that diets supplemented with increasing levels of chitosan (0, 100, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg chitosan per kg) quadratically improved ADG of weaned pigs. The growth-promoting action was achieved probably by improved digestibility of major nutrients (DM, CP, Ca, and&nbsp;P) and increased amylase activity of jejunum. &nbsp;

Effect of different dietary levels of low-glucosinolate rapeseed (canola) meal and non-starch polysaccharide-degrading enzymes on growth performance and gut physiology of growing turkeys

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zenon Zduńczyk ◽  
Jan Jankowski ◽  
Jerzy Juśkiewicz ◽  
Dariusz Mikulski ◽  
Bogdan A. Slominski
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Gut Physiology

Zduńczyk, Z., Jankowski, J., Juśkiewicz, J., Mikulski, D. and Slominski, B. A. 2013. Effect of different dietary levels of low-glucosinolate rapeseed (canola) meal and non-starch polysaccharide-degrading enzymes on growth performance and gut physiology of growing turkeys. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 353–362. One-day-old male turkey poults were randomly assigned to eight dietary treatments and were fed diets containing 0, 60, 120, or 180 g kg−1of low-glucosinolate rapeseed meal (RSM) from 1 to 56 d of age without or with a commercial non-starch polysaccharide-degrading enzyme product containing pectinase, cellulase, xylanase, glucanase, mannanase and galactanase activities. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in body weight and feed conversion ratio between the Control soybean meal-based diet and the diets containing RSM. Overall, the inclusion of up to 180 g kg−1of RSM did not affect the growth performance of turkeys. When compared with the Control treatment, the diet with the lowest RSM content increased the pH of the small intestinal contents and the amounts of cecal digesta. The moderate level of RSM also increased the pH of the small intestinal contents although no increase in the cecal digesta contents was noted. In comparison with other treatments, the highest RSM content increased the content of the small intestinal digesta considerably and decreased the pH of the small intestinal contents to that of the Control treatment. All three dietary levels of RSM significantly reduced the activity of bacterial β-glucuronidase in the ceca. Enzyme supplementation tended to reduce ileal viscosity (P=0.079), decreased ammonia concentration, increased the glycolytic activities of the intestinal microflora enzymes α-glucosidase, α-galactosidase, and β-galactosidase, decreased the activity of β-glucuronidase and increased the growth rate of turkeys.

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