The acute effect of addition of nitrate on in vitro and in vivo methane emission in dairy cows

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1432 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Lund ◽  
R. Dahl ◽  
H. J. Yang ◽  
A. L. F. Hellwing ◽  
B. B. Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Ch4 Production ◽  
Nitrate Supplementation

The effects of a 24-h administration of a ration high in nitrate (20 g/kg DM) on DM intake and enteric gas production in lactating dairy cows as well as the effect of different doses of nitrate on in vitro fermentation were studied. Nitrate reduced in vivo methane (CH4) production by 31%, and CH4 production increased again when nitrate supplementation was stopped. A similar effect was found when relating CH4 to carbon dioxide, and to DM intake. Addition of nitrate was followed by increased hydrogen production, which decreased again when nitrate was stopped. Nitrate addition did not affect in vitro rumen fermentation in terms of DM degradability, pH, ammonia nitrogen, microbial protein and volatile fatty acid production, but it decreased gas production with longer initial delay time before onset of gas production and lower gas production rate. Nitrate added at 7–20 g/kg ration DM significantly decreased net initial (0–12 h) CH4 production by 10–16%, although no further depression was observed afterwards.

scholarly journals In Vitro Incubations Do Not Reflect In Vivo Differences Based on Ranking of Low and High Methane Emitters in Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3112
Author(s):  
Edward H. Cabezas-Garcia ◽  
Rebecca Danielsson ◽  
Mohammad Ramin ◽  
Pekka Huhtanen
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Anaerobic Fermentation ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Ch4 Production

This study evaluated if ranking dairy cows as low and high CH4 emitters using the GreenFeed system (GF) can be replicated in in vitro conditions using an automated gas system and its possible implications in terms of fermentation balance. Seven pairs of low and high emitters fed the same diet were selected on the basis of residual CH4 production, and rumen fluid taken from each pair incubated separately in the in vitro gas production system. In total, seven in vitro incubations were performed with inoculums taken from low and high CH4 emitting cows incubated in two substrates differing in forage-to-concentrate proportion, each without or with the addition of cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) as an inhibitor of CH4 production. Except for the aimed differences in CH4 production, no statistical differences were detected among groups of low and high emitters either in in vivo animal performance or rumen fermentation profile prior to the in vitro incubations. The effect of in vivo ranking was poorly replicated in in vitro conditions after 48 h of anaerobic fermentation. Instead, the effects of diet and CNSL were more consistent. The inclusion of 50% barley in the diet (SB) increased both asymptotic gas production by 17.3% and predicted in vivo CH4 by 26.2%, when compared to 100% grass silage (S) substrate, respectively. The SB diet produced on average more propionate (+28 mmol/mol) and consequently less acetate compared to the S diet. Irrespective of CH4 emitter group, CNSL decreased predicted in vivo CH4 (26.7 vs. 11.1 mL/ g of dry matter; DM) and stoichiometric CH4 (CH4VFA; 304 vs. 235 moles/mol VFA), with these being also reflected in decreased total gas production per unit of volatile fatty acids (VFA). Microbial structure was assessed on rumen fluid sampled prior to in vitro incubation, by sequencing of the V4 region of 16S rRNA gene. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) on operational taxonomic unit (OTU) did not show any differences between groups. Some differences appeared of relative abundance between groups in some specific OTUs mainly related to Prevotella. Genus Methanobrevibacter represented 93.7 ± 3.33% of the archaeal sequences. There were no clear differences between groups in relative abundance of Methanobrevibacter.

Effect of non-digestible oligosaccharides in diets for weaner pigs on in vitro fermentation

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 30-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G.M. Houdijk ◽  
B.A. Williams ◽  
S. Tamminga ◽  
M.W.A. Verstegen
Keyword(s):  
Gas Production ◽  
Production Technique ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Weaner Pigs

Dietary fructooligosaccharides (FOS) shifted the proportion of propionate (↑) and acetate (↓) compared to transgalactooligosaccharides (TOS) in weaner pigs' ileal digesta, both in vivo and in vitro (Houdijk et al., 1997). This could be related to different fermentation rates between these so-called non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDOs). These rates were studied via the cumulative gas production technique comparing FOS, TOS, and glucose.

Effect of non-digestible oligosaccharides in diets for weaner pigs on in vitro fermentation

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 30-30
Author(s):  
J.G.M. Houdijk ◽  
B.A. Williams ◽  
S. Tamminga ◽  
M.W.A. Verstegen
Keyword(s):  
Gas Production ◽  
Production Technique ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Weaner Pigs

Dietary fructooligosaccharides (FOS) shifted the proportion of propionate (↑) and acetate (↓) compared to transgalactooligosaccharides (TOS) in weaner pigs' ileal digesta, both in vivo and in vitro (Houdijk et al., 1997). This could be related to different fermentation rates between these so-called non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDOs). These rates were studied via the cumulative gas production technique comparing FOS, TOS, and glucose.

scholarly journals Effects of Kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) age and different forage: concentrate ratios on methanogenesis

2015 ◽  
pp. 4726-4738 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Ramírez ◽  
Sandra Posada O ◽  
Ricardo Noguera
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Pennisetum Clandestinum ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Ch4 Production ◽  
Kikuyu Grass

ABSTRACT Objective. To evaluate the effect of Kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) harvested at two different ages and three forage: concentrate supplement ratios (F/C) on methane (CH4) production, dry matter digestibility (DMD), and fermentation profile using the in vitro gas production technique. Materials and methods. six treatments, resulting from the combination of pasture age (30 or 60 days) and F/C (100/0, 75/25, or 50/50) were evaluated using a 2x3 factorial design. The response variables were measured 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after incubation. A repeated-measure over time design was used to analyze the data, and differences between means were determined with the LSMEANS procedure of SAS. Results. the youngest grass (30 days) was more digestible, produced less CH4 per gram of digestible dry matter (dDM) and more total volatile fatty acids (VFA) compared to the oldest grass (60 days; p <0.05). Reductions of the F/C ratio increased DMD and CH4 production per gram of dDM (p<0.05) but had no significant effect on VFA concentration (p>0.05). Conclusions. under in vitro conditions and pH close to neutrality, the older grass reduces DMD and increases CH4 production per gram of dDM, while a F/C reduction increases DMD and CH4 production per gram of dDM, which differs with reports conducted in vivo.

Relation between in vivo and in vitro fermentation of oligosaccharides in weaner pigs

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 ◽  
pp. 57-59
Author(s):  
J.G.M. Houdijk ◽  
B.A. Williams ◽  
S. Tamminga ◽  
M.W.A. Verstegen
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Sterile Saline ◽  
Weaner Pigs ◽  
Endogenous Enzymes ◽  
Cheese Cloth

Non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDOs), including fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and trans-galacto-oligosaccharides (TOS), are not digested by endogenous enzymes, but may be fermented by bacteria such as lactobacilli and bifidobacteria (Tomomatsu, 1994). Thus, dietary NDOs may alter fermentation characteristics of the microflora of the host. In this experiment, in vivo and in vitro fermentation characteristics of NDOs in weaner pigs were studied, using the cumulative gas production technique (Theodorou et al.,1994).A NDO-free control diet (CON), with oatshuskmeal (OHM) as a fibre source, and this diet with 40 g FOS (FOS40) or TOS (TOS40) per kg (w/w against cellulose) was restrictedly fed for 7 weeks (2.6*Em) to 3 groups of four 35-day old individually housed weaner pigs. Total faeces were collected from day 13-18 to determine crude fibre digestibility. Pigs were fitted with a PVTC-cannula on day 21 (Van Leeuwen et al, 1991). Inocula for gas production were anaerobically prepared from faeces (day 14-16) and ileal chyme (day 33-35, via PVTC-cannula). Samples were diluted (1:4) with sterile saline and filtered through cheese cloth. Five ml filtrate were injected into airtight bottles, containing 80 ml growth medium and no substrate (BLA) or 0.25 g FOS, TOS or OHM as sole energy source.

scholarly journals Methanogenic potential of tropical feeds rich in hydrolyzable tannins1,2

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 2700-2710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moufida Rira ◽  
Diego P Morgavi ◽  
Lucette Genestoux ◽  
Sihem Djibiri ◽  
Ines Sekhri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Production ◽  
Acacia Nilotica ◽  
Calliandra Calothyrsus ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Ch4 Production ◽  
Tropical Plant ◽  
Tropical Forage ◽  
Natural Grassland ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract The present study was carried out to determine the effect of Acacia nilotica, a tropical plant rich in hydrolyzable tannins (HT), on rumen fermentation and methane (CH4) production in vitro. We used leaves and pods from A. nilotica alone and combined. The combination of HT from A. nilotica leaves and pods and condensed tannins (CT) from Calliandra calothyrsus and Leucaena leucocephala were also evaluated to assess potential differences in biological activity between HT and CT. Four series of 24-h incubations were performed using rumen contents of 4 sheep fed a tropical grass (natural grassland based on Dichanthium spp.). A first experiment tested different levels of replacement of this tropical forage (control [CTL] without tannins) by A. nilotica leaves or pods: 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0. A second experiment tested the mixture of A. nilotica leaves and pods in different proportions: 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100. A third experiment tested the 50:50 combination of A. nilotica leaves or pods with C. calothyrsus and L. leucocephala. Acacia nilotica pods and leaves had a high content of HT (350 and 178 g/kg DM, respectively), whereas C. calothyrsus and L. leucocephala had a high content of CT (361 and 180 g/kg DM, respectively). The inclusion of HT from A. nilotica leaves and pods decreased CH4 production dose-dependently (P < 0.01). Total replacement of the CTL by A. nilotica decreased CH4 production by 64 and 55% with leaves and pods, respectively. Pods were richer in HT than leaves, but their antimethanogenic effect did not differ (P > 0.05). Although A. nilotica leaves and pods inhibited fermentation, as indicated by the lower gas production and VFA production (P < 0.01), this effect was less pronounced than for CH4. Volatile fatty acid production decreased by 12% in leaves and by 30% in pods when compared with the CTL alone. Positive associative effect was reported for VFA, when HT-rich sources and CT-rich sources were mixed. Combining the 2 sources of HT did not show associative effects on fermentation or CH4 production (P > 0.05). Hydrolyzable tannin-rich sources were more effective in suppressing methanogenesis than CT-rich sources. Our results show that HT-rich A. nilotica leaves and pods have the potential to reduce ruminal CH4 production.

scholarly journals In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics and Methane Mitigation Responded to Flavonoid Extract Levels from Alternanthera sissoo and Dietary Ratios

Fermentation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Sukruthai Sommai ◽  
Anusorn Cherdthong ◽  
Chanon Suntara ◽  
Sarong So ◽  
Metha Wanapat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation

Two experiments were conducted under this study: Experiment 1 was to study production yield, chemical composition, and in vitro degradability of Brazilian spinach (Alternanthera sissoo; BS) leaf and leaf + leaf-stalk at various maturity ages of 15, 30, 45, and 60 days after plantation and regrowth and Experiment 2 was to evaluate the effect of flavonoid extract from BS leaf and leaf + leaf-stalk and dietary ratios on ruminal gas production, fermentation characteristics, and in vitro degradability. Experiment 1 showed that maturity ages after planting and regrowth increased, the yield significantly increased. Increasing maturity ages significantly (p < 0.05) increased neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber content and decreased crude protein content, total flavonoid (TF) content, and degradability for both leaf and leaf + leaf-stalk. Maturity ages from 15 to 30 days after plantation and regrowth resulted (p < 0.05) the highest TF content and degradability for both leaf and leaf + leaf-stalk. Thus, BS leaf and leaf + leaf-stalk samples from 15 to 30 days of age were used for flavonoid extraction and used in the Experiment 2. Experiment 2 was conducted according to a 3 × 5 factorial experiment. Three roughage to concentrate (R:C) ratios at 50:50, 40:60, and 30:70 were used, and five levels of flavonoid extract (FE) at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg of substrate dry matter (DM) were supplemented. Experiment 2 showed that R:C ratio and FE had an interaction effect only on acetate to propionate ratio. Varying R:C ratios significantly increased (p < 0.05) in vitro DM degradability, total volatile fatty acids (VFA), and propionate (C3) concentration. FE supplementation linearly (p < 0.05) increased total VFA and C3 concentration and decreased methane production and protozoal population. This study could conclude that FE from BS could effectively modulate ruminal fermentation and decrease methane production. However, in vivo study needs to elucidate in order to validate the present results.

scholarly journals Preliminary evaluation of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seed gum as a potential prebiotic for growing rabbits in Tunisia: effects on in vivo faecal digestibility and in vitro fermentation

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
J. Zemzmi ◽  
L. Ródenas ◽  
E. Blas ◽  
H. Abdouli ◽  
T. Najar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Fermentation Profile ◽  
Seed Gum ◽  
Caecal Fermentation

<p>This study aims to determine the effect of dietary inclusion of fenugreek seed gum (FSG), rich in galactomannans, on nutrient apparent digestibility and caecal environment, as well as on <em>in vitro</em> caecal fermentation of Tunisian growing rabbits. Three experimental diets were formulated, including 0, 0.25 and 0.5% of FSG (FSG0, FSG0.25 and FSG0.5, respectively) for the <em>in vivo</em> trial and 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 100% of FSG (FSG0, FSG0125, FSG0.25, FSG0.5 and FSG100, respectively) for the <em>in vitro</em> trial. In the <em>in vivo</em> trial, 45 weaned rabbits 31 d old (15 per treatment) were housed in individual cages until 94 d of age. Apparent digestibility coefficients were determined at two ages, from 38 to 41 and from 56 to 59 d old, and caecal traits were recorded after slaughtering. In the <em>in vitro</em> trial, the five experimental diets were incubated with a rabbit caecal inoculum. Gas production was measured and modelled until 72 h and the fermentation traits were measured. Apparent faecal digestibility coefficients of main nutrients and main caecal environment traits were not significantly affected by the dietary inclusion of FSG (<em>P</em>&gt;0.05). However, animals fed with FSG showed lower caecal pH (–0.15; <em>P</em>&lt;0.05) values. Regarding the in vitro fermentation, FSG100 increased asymptotic gas production (+11.25, <em>P</em>&lt;0.001), sharpness of the switching characteristic of the profile (+1.98, <em>P</em>&lt;0.001) and the maximum substrate degradation rate (RM) (+0.188, <em>P</em>&lt;0.001), but decreasing the time after incubation at which half of the asymptotic amount of gas has been formed (–5.86, <em>P</em>&lt;0.001) and at which RM occurs (–4.53, <em>P</em>&lt;0.01). Likewise, FSG100 significantly decreased caecal pH (–1.035, <em>P</em>&lt;0.001), lactic acid (–9.51, <em>P</em>&lt;0.069) and N-NH<sub>3</sub> concentrations (–12.81, <em>P</em>&lt;0.001). Meanwhile, it increased the total volatile fatty acids (VFA) production (+43.15, <em>P</em>&lt;0.001). Gradual dietary inclusion of FSG from 0 to 0.5% only significantly increased total VFA production in the caecum (+100 mmol/L per percentage point of FSG inclusion; <em>P</em>&lt;0.05). In conclusion, FSG is highly and rapidly in vitro fermented by rabbit caecal bacteria. However, dietary inclusion of FSG up to 0.5%, might be insufficient to affect the apparent digestibility and fermentation profile of growing rabbits to a great extent.</p>

scholarly journals The Role of Catechin Compounds and Its Derivates to Mitigate Methane Gas Production in the Rumen Fermentation

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Mozart Nuzul Aprilliza AM ◽  
Yenny Nur Anggraeny ◽  
Elizabeth Wina
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Tea Leaves ◽  
Enteric Fermentation ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Ch4 Production ◽  
Ruminant Species

Enteric fermentation and its corresponding to methane emissions take place in many wild and domestic ruminant species, such as deer, buffalo, cattle, goats, sheep. Ruminant animals are different from other animals in that they have a rumen, a large fore-stomach with a complex microbial environment. A resulting of this process is methane (CH4), which has a global warming potential (25 times that of carbon dioxide (CO2)). Because the digestion process is not 100% efficient, some of the energy intake is lost in the form of methane. Recently, natural plant products, such as tea leaves which are often inexpensive and environmentally safe have been introduced in methane mitigation strategies. Tea leaves have potential for use as an additives in ruminant diets. The adding of catechin 10-40 g/Kg DM were able to declined methane emission 7.4–13.5%. Furthermore, catechin could decrease the methane production. Catechin decreased CH4 production both in vitro and in vivo. Catechin causes direct inhibition of methanogens as well as may act as hydrogen sinks during degradation by rumen microbes via cleavage of ring structures and reductive dehydroxylation reactions. The objective of this paper is to review existing knowledge related to discuss how catechins can act as methane-lowering agents from rumen fermentation on ruminants.

scholarly journals In Vitro and In Vivo Studies of Rumen-Protected Microencapsulated Supplement Comprising Linseed Oil, Vitamin E, Rosemary Extract, and Hydrogenated Palm Oil on Rumen Fermentation, Physiological Profile, Milk Yield, and Milk Composition in Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1631
Author(s):  
Tae-Bin Kim ◽  
Jae-Sung Lee ◽  
Seung-Yeol Cho ◽  
Hong-Gu Lee
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Rosemary Extract ◽  
Omega 3

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of adding dietary rumen-protected microencapsulated supplements into the ruminal fluid on the milk fat compositions of dairy cows. These supplements comprised linseed oil, vitamin E, rosemary extract, and hydrogenated palm oil (MO; Microtinic® Omega, Vetagro S.p.A, Reggio Emilia, Italy). For in vitro ruminal fermentation, Holstein–Friesian dairy cows each equipped with a rumen cannula were used to collect ruminal fluid. Different amounts (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%) of MO were added to the diets to collect ruminal fluids. For the in vivo study, 36 Holstein–Friesian dairy cows grouped by milk yield (32.1 ± 6.05 kg/d/head), days in milk (124 ± 84 d), and parity (2 ± 1.35) were randomly and evenly assigned to 0.7% linseed oil (LO; as dry matter (DM) basis) and 2% MO (as DM basis) groups. These two groups were fed only a basal diet (total mixed ration (TMR), silage, and concentrate for 4 weeks) (period 1). They were then fed with the basal diet supplemented with oil (0.7 LO and 2% MO of DM) for 4 weeks (period 2). In the in vitro experiment, the total gas production was found to be numerically decreased in the group supplemented with 3% MO at 48 h post in vitro fermentation. A reduction of total gas production (at 48 h) and increase in ammonia concentration (24 h) were also observed in the group supplemented with 4% to 5% MO (p < 0.05). There were no differences in the in vitro fermentation results, including pH, volatile fatty acids, or CH4 among groups supplemented with 0%, 1%, and 2% MO. The results of the in vitro study suggest that 2% MO is an optimal dosage of MO supplementation in cows’ diets. In the in vivo experiment, the MO supplement more significantly (p < 0.01) increased the yield of total w3 fatty acids than LO (9.24 vs. 17.77 mg/100 g milk). As a result, the ratio of total omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids was decreased (p < 0.001) in the MO group compared to that in the LO group (6.99 vs. 3.48). However, the milk yield and other milk compositions, except for milk urea nitrogen, were similar between the two groups (p > 0.05). Collectively, these results suggest that the dietary supplementation of 2% MO is beneficial for increasing omega-3 fatty acids without any negative effects on the milk yield of dairy cows.

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