Digestion of forages in the rumen is increased by the amount but not the type of protein supplement

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1363 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Panjaitan ◽  
S. P. Quigley ◽  
S. R. McLennan ◽  
A. J. Swain ◽  
D. P. Poppi
Keyword(s):  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Minimum Level ◽  
Potential Growth ◽  
Digestion Rate ◽  
N Sources ◽  
Bag Experiments ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Chlorella Algae

Three polyester bag experiments were conducted with fistulated Bos indicus steers to determine the effect of the amount and type of nitrogen (N) supplement on the digestion rate of forages different in quality. In Experiment 1, test substrates were incubated in polyester bags in the rumen of steers fed ryegrass, pangola grass, speargrass and Mitchell grass hays in a 4 by 4 Latin-square design. In Experiment 2, test substrates were incubated in polyester bags in the rumen of steers fed speargrass hay supplemented with urea and ammonium sulfate (US), branched-chain amino acids with US (USAA), casein, cottonseed meal, yeast and Chlorella algae in a 7 by 3 incomplete Latin-square design. In Experiment 3, test substrates were incubated in polyester bags in the rumen of steers fed Mitchell grass hay supplemented with increasing amounts of US or Spirulina algae (Spirulina platensis). The test substrates used in all experiments were speargrass, Mitchell grass, pangola grass or ryegrass hays. Digestion rate of the ryegrass substrate was higher than that of the speargrass substrate (P < 0.05) in Experiment 1. Supplementation with various N sources increased the degradation rate and effective degradability of all incubated substrates above that apparent in Control steers (P < 0.05; Experiment 2). Supplementation of US and Spirulina increased degradation rate and effective degradability of ryegrass, pangola grass and Mitchell grass substrates above that apparent in Control steers (P < 0.05; Experiment 3). However, there was no further response on digestion rate of the substrates in increasing supplementation levels either for US or Spirulina. In conclusion, rate of digestion was affected by forage physical and anatomical properties. Supplementation with various N sources increased rate of digestion when the Control forage ration was very low in N but once a minimum level of N supplementation was reached, irrespective of form of N or other potential growth factors, there was no further increase in rate of digestion.

scholarly journals Autumn-cut grass silage as roughage component in dairy cow rations. 2. Rumen degradation, fermentation and kinetics

1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-234
Author(s):  
H. De Visser ◽  
H. Huisert ◽  
A. Klop ◽  
R.S. Ketelaar
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Gluten Feed

In a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment the effects of DM content and/or the extent of fermentation in grass silages on the pattern of rumen fermentation and rumen kinetics were studied. In a separate study two cows were used to measure the rate of degradation using the dacron bag technique. Four rumen cannulated dairy cows were used to measure rumen fermentation pattern, rumen kinetics were measured in three of these animals. Basal diets (70% of total DM) consisted of maize silage, moist ensiled beet pulp, moist ensiled maize gluten feed, moist ensiled brewers' grains and a concentrate mixture. The remainder of the diet (30% of total DM) was wilted grass silage (WGS), high moisture grass silage with molasses (MGS), high moisture silage with formic acid (FGS) or wilted grass silage with additional water (WW). All diets were fed as complete feeds. pH of the rumen fluid was lower on the MGS and FGS diets. Concentrations of total VFA, acetic acid, ammonia and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) were highest on high moisture diets (MGS and FGS). Rates of clearance and digestion of the organic matter (OM) fractions were or showed tendencies towards being negatively influenced by both MGS and FGS, but remained unaffected by WGS and WW. Degradability of the grass silages was influenced by fermentation in the silo (lower digestible fractions and higher soluble fractions), as were rates of degradation (higher). Results of the degradability measured on the basal diet ingredients were in agreement with published literature and showed a strong correlation between OM digestibility in vitro and the undigestible fraction.

scholarly journals Effects of intraruminal propionate supplementation on nitrogen utilisation by the portal-drained viscera, the liver and the hindlimb in lambs fed frozen rye grass

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 939-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle C. Savary-Auzeloux ◽  
Linda Majdoub ◽  
Nathalie LeFloc'h ◽  
Isabelle Ortigues-Marty
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Urea Synthesis ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Rye Grass ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
N Compounds

The influence of propionate supplementation on the splanchnic metabolism of amino acids (AA) and other N compounds (urea-N and NH3-N) and the supply of AA and NH3-N to the hindlimb was investigated in growing lambs. Six rumen-cannulated and multicatheterised lambs (32·2kg) were fed frozen rye grass at 690kJ metabolisable energy intake/d per kg average metabolic body weight. They were infused intraruminally with a salt solution (control) or with propionate solutions at 0·23mol/l (P1) or 0·41mol/l (P2) infused at a maximal rate of 1·68 (sd 0·057) ml/min according to a repeated Latin square design. The propionate infusion did not increase the net portal appearance of total AA (TAA)-N but increased that of some branched-chain AA (valine and to a lesser extent isoleucine). Simultaneously, the propionate treatment (especially P2) induced an increased TAA utilisation by the liver. This was due mainly to an increased (+79%;P<0·07) utilisation of the essential AA and particularly the branched-chain AA. A stimulation of protein synthesis in the liver is hypothesised since (1) propionate stimulated insulin secretion and (2) utilisation of non-essential AA were less influenced by the propionate treatment in the liver (except for alanine), suggesting that the AA utilised by the liver were directed towards protein synthesis rather than towards oxidation or urea synthesis. At the splanchnic level, the propionate treatment did not have any effect on the TAA, non-essential AA and essential AA, except for a net splanchnic release that was decreased for leucine (P<0·02) and methionine (P<0·01) and increased for threonine (P<0·05). The propionate treatment did not have any effect on the hindlimb uptake of AA (essential and non-essential). As a consequence, even though the propionate treatment induced some major alterations in the splanchnic metabolism of AA, there were no changes in the net AA balance in the hindlimb (and hence probably on muscle growth). The role of the splanchnic tissues in the regulation of the AA supply to the peripheral tissues (such as muscle) therefore appears to be prominent in the regulation of muscle growth. Whether the peripheral tissues regulate their own supply by interacting with the splanchnic tissues (and especially the liver) or the liver is the only regulator of the AA supply to the muscle remains in doubt.

scholarly journals PSXIV-12 Effect of the addition of canola oil on digestibility, rumen fermentation and methane emissions in beef cattle in the Mexican tropic

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 440-441
Author(s):  
Jonathan Aviles-Nieto ◽  
Claudia Marquez-Mota ◽  
Atmir Romero-Pérez ◽  
José Talamantes-Gómez ◽  
Epigmenio Castillo-Gallegos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Canola Oil ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Fecal Output ◽  
Negative Effect

Abstract An experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of canola oil (CO) supplementation at 4 inclusion rates [CO0=0%, CO2=2%, CO4=4%, and CO6=6% of dry matter intake (DMI)] on digestibility, volatile fat acids (VFA), a mmonia nitrogen (NH3-N), protozoa and methane (CH4) emissions, in cows grazing a tropical grass (Brachiaria sp.). Four cows (Bos taurus × Bos indicus) with rumen cannula (658 ± 92 kg) were randomly assigned to a Latin Square design with 4 treatments and 4 periods (19-d each). Treatments were offered daily at 0600 h and 1500 h together with a commercial concentrate (1% of EBW). Fecal output was measured using an external marker (Cr2O3) dosed once per day for 9 days. Fecal output along with digestibility data were used to estimate DMI. Methane production was monitored twice a day, for 5 consecutive-days, using infrared gas analyzers (Guardian Plus) at the time of CO supplementation. Rumen contents were collected at 0300 h and every 4-h during the last 2-d of each period. Data of digestibility were analyzed as a Latin Square using a mixed model procedure (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). For ruminal fermentation parameters, collection time was considered a repeated measure. Orthogonal polynomials were performed to evaluate linear and quadratic effects. No effect was observed on fiber digestibility, or any nutrient evaluated with up to 6% CO inclusion. Total protozoa (x104cells/mL), methane emission and acetate molar proportion decreased (P &lt; 0.01) while propionate increased (P &lt; 0.01) with consequent reduction on the acetate:propionate ratio (CO0=3.2, CO2=2.8, CO4=2.6, CO6=2.4; P &lt; 0.01) as the level of CO increased. In conclusion, supplementing CO to animals consuming a tropical forage-based diet, may represent a viable option to reduce CH4 emissions without having a negative effect on the digestibility of the NDF.

Effect of the concentration of Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) algae in the drinking water on water intake by cattle and the proportion of algae bypassing the rumen

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 405 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Panjaitan ◽  
S. P. Quigley ◽  
S. R. McLennan ◽  
D. P. Poppi
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Freshwater Microalgae ◽  
Fixed Amount ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Branched Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Branched Chain

Spirulina, a freshwater microalgae, has previously been shown to increase the efficiency of microbial protein production in cattle fed hay with a low crude protein content. The present study was carried out to determine the effect of increasing the concentration of Spirulina in the drinking water on the intake of water and the amount of water containing Spirulina bypassing the rumen of cattle. Five rumen-cannulated steers were given a fixed amount of pangola grass hay (14 g DM/kg W.day–1) and water containing 0, 1, 2, 2.7 and 3.5% (w/w) Spirulina in an incomplete Latin square design. Water intake by the control steers (0% Spirulina) was 29.7 and 49.3 g/kg W for the first drinking event after it was made available and over 24 h, respectively. For steers receiving the algae, intake of water plus Spirulina increased linearly (P < 0.01) from 42.7 to 60.2 g/kg W during the first drinking event, as the concentration of Spirulina in the drinking water increased, but over 24 h was not affected by Spirulina concentration and averaged 74.4 g/kg W. The bypass of water through the rumen, as determined using chromium-EDTA as a marker, averaged 20.5 ± 1.2% and was not affected by the concentration of Spirulina in the drinking water. Increasing inclusion of Spirulina was associated with a decrease in rumen pH, an increase in urea concentration in blood serum, and an increase in ammonia-N concentration, propionate and branched-chain fatty acids, and a decrease in butyrate proportions in rumen fluid. Spirulina inclusion in the drinking water increased water intake and may provide a potential safe and inexpensive alternative to urea for extensively grazed ruminants.

Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) algae supplementation increases microbial protein production and feed intake and decreases retention time of digesta in the rumen of cattle

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 535 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Panjaitan ◽  
S. P. Quigley ◽  
S. R. McLennan ◽  
A. J. Swain ◽  
D. P. Poppi
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Spirulina Platensis ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
The Us ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter

Cattle consuming pastures low in protein have low liveweight gain due to low rumen degradable protein (RDP) supply and thus low microbial crude protein (MCP) production and efficiency of MCP production [EMCP, g MCP/kg digestible organic matter (DOM)]. Nitrogen supplements can increase MCP production and EMCP of cattle grazing low protein pastures. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of supplementation with a non-protein-N source (NPN), in this case urea and ammonium sulfate (US), with a single-cell algal protein source (Spirulina platensis), on intake, microbial protein supply and digestibility in cattle. Nine cannulated Bos indicus steers [initial liveweight 250.1 ± 10.86 (s.d.) kg] were fed Mitchell grass hay (Astrebla spp; 6.1 g N, 746 g NDF/kg DM) ad libitum and were supplied with increasing amounts of US (0, 6, 13, 19 and 33 g US DM/kg hay DM) or Spirulina 0, 0.5, 1.4, 2.5 and 6.1 g Spirulina DM/kg W.day in an incomplete Latin square design. The response of MCP production and EMCP to increasing amounts of the two supplements was different, with a greater response to Spirulina evident. The MCP production was predicted to peak at 140 and 568 g MCP/day (0.64 and 2.02 g MCP/kg W.day) for the US and Spirulina supplements, respectively. The highest measured EMCP were 92 and 166 g MCP/kg DOM for the US and Spirulina treatments at 170 and 290 g RDP/kg DOM, respectively, or a Spirulina intake of 5.7 g DM/kg W.day. Increasing RDP intake from US and Spirulina resulted in an increase in Mitchell grass hay intake and rumen NH3-N concentration and reduced the retention time of liquid and particulate markers and digesta DM, NDF and lignin in the rumen with greater changes due to Spirulina. Total DM intake peaked at a Spirulina supplement level of 4.6 g Spirulina DM/kg W.day with a 2.3-fold higher DOM intake than Control steers. Rumen NH3-N concentrations reached 128 and 264 mg NH3-N/L for the US and Spirulina treatments with a significant increase in the concentration of branched-chain fatty acids for the Spirulina treatment. The minimum retention time of liquid (Cr-EDTA; 23 and 13 h) and particulate (Yb; 34 and 22 h) markers in the rumen were significantly lower for Spirulina compared with US and lower than unsupplemented animals at 24 and 34 h for Cr-EDTA and Yb, respectively. Spirulina could be provided safely at much higher N intakes than NPN supplements. The results suggest that, at an equivalent RDP supply, Spirulina provided greater increases than US in MCP production, EMCP and feed intake of Bos indicus cattle consuming low protein forage and could also be fed safely at higher levels of N intake.

scholarly journals Effect of feed intake on amino acid transfers across the ovine hindquarters

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. O. Hoskin ◽  
I. C. Savary-Auzeloux ◽  
A. G. Calder ◽  
G. Zuur ◽  
G. E. Lobley
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Branched Chain

Responses in variables of amino acid (AA) metabolism across peripheral tissues to feed intake were studied in six sheep (mean live weight 32 kg) prepared with arterio–venous catheters across the hindquarters. Four intakes (0·5, 1·0, 1·5 and 2·5 × maintenance energy) were offered over 2-week periods to each sheep in a Latin square design with two animals replicated. Animals were infused intravenously with a mixture of U-13C-labelled AA for 10 h and integrated blood samples withdrawn from the aorta and vena cava hourly between 5 and 9 h of infusion. Biopsy samples were also taken from skin andm. vastus lateralis. Data from both essential (histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine) and nonessential (glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine) AA were modelled to give rates of inward and outward transport, protein synthesis and degradation, plus the fraction of total vascular inflow that exchanged with the hindquarter tissues. Rates of inward transport varied more than 10-fold between AA. For all essential AA (plus serine), inward transport increased with food intake (P<0·04). There were corresponding increases in AA efflux (P<0·05) from the tissues for threonine and the branched-chain AA. Protein synthesis rates estimated from the kinetics of these AA also increased with intake (P<0·02). Rates of inward transport greatly exceeded the amount of AA necessary to support protein retention, but were more similar to rates of protein synthesis. Nutritional or other strategies to enhance AA transport into peripheral tissues are unlikely to increase anabolic responses.

scholarly journals Structural and non-structural carbohydrates in concentrate supplements of silage-based dairy cow rations. 2. Rumen degradation, fermentation and kinetics.

1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-445
Author(s):  
H. de Visser ◽  
P.L. van der Togt ◽  
H. Huisert ◽  
S. Tamminga
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Silage Maize ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Branched Chain

Effects of carbohydrates in concentrate mixtures (starch vs. cell wall constituents) and in rate of rumen degradation (rapid vs. slow) on rumen fermentation and rumen kinetics were studied using a 4 x 4 Latin square design. The basal diets, which comprised 75% of total DM, consisted of wilted grass silage, maize silage and concentrates. The remainder consisted of barley (B), maize (M), pressed ensiled beet pulp (P) or moist ensiled maize bran (MB). All diets were fed as totally mixed rations (TMR). The pH of the rumen fluid and the total concentration of volatile fatty acids (tVFA) did not differ among diets. The major volatile fatty acids did differ between diets and were expressed as the non-glucogenic:glucogenic ratio (NGR), being lowest for B and highest for P. Differences in NGR could be explained by differences in the rate of degradation of starch and/or NDF, using nylon bag incubations. Concentrations of ammonia and branched chain fatty acids (BCFA) were higher for diet MB and corresponded with the availability of nitrogen and energy for microbial protein synthesis, which was also reflected in the amount of bacterial protein in the rumen. Degradability was lower for maize starch compared with starch from barley. The rates of digestion measured in sacco and from rumen evacuations were similar for organic matter and N, but the nylon bag method showed a lower estimate for starch and NDF. The large particle fraction of mean total rumen contents consisted mainly of cell wall constituents and did not differ between diets. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals The effects of feeding resistant starch on apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility, faecal characteristics and faecal fermentative end-products in healthy adult dogs

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison N. Beloshapka ◽  
Lucille G. Alexander ◽  
Preston R. Buff ◽  
Kelly S. Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
End Products ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Branched Chain

AbstractThe benefits of whole grain consumption have been studied in human subjects, but little research exists on their effects in dogs. The objective of the present study was to test the effects of resistant starch (RS) in the diet of healthy adult dogs. Twelve adult Miniature Schnauzer dogs (eight males, four females; mean age: 3·3 (1·6) years; mean body weight: 8·4 (1·2) kg; mean body condition score: D/ideal) were randomly allotted to one of three treatment groups, which consisted of different amounts of RS supplied in a biscuit format. Dogs received either 0, 10 or 20 g biscuits per d (estimated to be 0, 2·5 or 5 g RS per d) that were fed within their daily energetic allowance. A balanced Latin square design was used, with each treatment period lasting 21 d (days 0–17 adaptation; days 18–21 fresh and total faecal collection). All dogs were fed the same diet to maintain body weight throughout the study. Dogs fed 5 g RS per d had lower (P = 0·03) fat digestibility than dogs fed 0 gRS per d, but DM, organic matter and crude protein digestibilities were not affected. Faecal fermentative end-products, including SCFA and branched-chain fatty acids, ammonia, phenols and indoles, and microbial populations were not affected. The minor changes observed in the present study suggest the RS doses provided to the dogs were too low. Further work is required to assess the dose of RS required to affect gut health.

Effect of feeding small amounts of ammonia treated straw on degradation rate and intake of untreated straw in sheep

1991 ◽  
Vol 1991 ◽  
pp. 76-76
Author(s):  
B. Manyuchi ◽  
E.R. Ørskov ◽  
R.N. Kay
Keyword(s):  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Fibre Degradation ◽  
Effect Of Feeding ◽  
Male Sheep

Supplements of readly digestible cellulose and hemicellulose enhance fibre degradation by promoting the growth of eellulolytic microbes in the rumen. In the current study supplements of ammonia treated straw were fed to a basal diet of untreated straw and intake, fibre digestion and rumen fermentation assessed.Four mature castrated male sheep weighing 50.5 to 69.6kg and fitted with permanent rumen cannulae were used. The experiment had a 4 x 4 latin square design such that the sheep were fed four diets and measurements taken oyer four periods. Each period consisted of 10 days adaptation and measurements taken for a further 8 days.The diets comprised untreated straw (control) ammonia treated straw (AS) or untreated straw together with 200g AS or 400g AS (200AS and 400AS respectively). Straw was treated with 3.5% ammonia (w/w). Untreated straw was supplemented with 1% urea (w/w). In addition both straws were supplemented with minerals and vitamins. Straw was chopped (4cm screen) prior to feeding. For diets 200AS and 400AS the treated and untreated stsaws were given in seperate troughs.

The degradation of oilseed cakes and their effects on the intake and rumen degradability of maize stover given to Ethiopian Menz sheep

1993 ◽  
Vol 57 (03) ◽  
pp. 421-428
Author(s):  
S. Sibanda ◽  
P.O. Osuji ◽  
I. V. Nsahlai
Keyword(s):  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Maize Stover ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Helianthus Annus ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Degradation Properties ◽  
Main Effects

AbstractSix rumen cannulated sheep (26·1 (s.d. 2·24) kg live weight) given maize stoverad libitumwere supplemented with either sunflower (Helianthus annus) cake (SFC), decorticated cottonseed (CSC) or noug (Guizotia abyssinica) cakes (NGC) with or without crushed maize grain. The 6×6 Latin-square experiment studied the degradation properties of the oilseed cakes and their effects and that of maize on the degradation of maize, maize stover and the composite diet.Seedcakes differed in the degradability characteristics of dry matter and nitrogen: intercept (a) (P&lt; 0·001); potentially degradable fraction (b) (P&lt; 0·001); rate of degradation (c) (P&lt; 0·001); and the effective degradability (P&lt; 0·0001). The pooled sum of the degradabilities of the individual ingredients were significantly lower than that of mixed ingredients (composite diet) (P&lt; 0·001).The main effects of protein and maize were not significant on the degradation of maize stover. Maize had the tendency to depress the rates of degradation of stover by 0·52 with SFC.Although the protein × maize interaction was not significant on maize stover degradability, it is important to note that maize had the effect of increasing stover degradation rate with CSC and NGC, but a depressing effect with SFC. Hence it was concluded that the carbohydrate effect on roughage degradation rate may vary as a function of the difference between the degradation rate of the energy and protein supplements.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document