Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) algae supplementation increases microbial protein production and feed intake and decreases retention time of digesta in the rumen of cattle

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 535 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Panjaitan ◽  
S. P. Quigley ◽  
S. R. McLennan ◽  
A. J. Swain ◽  
D. P. Poppi
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Spirulina Platensis ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
The Us ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter

Cattle consuming pastures low in protein have low liveweight gain due to low rumen degradable protein (RDP) supply and thus low microbial crude protein (MCP) production and efficiency of MCP production [EMCP, g MCP/kg digestible organic matter (DOM)]. Nitrogen supplements can increase MCP production and EMCP of cattle grazing low protein pastures. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of supplementation with a non-protein-N source (NPN), in this case urea and ammonium sulfate (US), with a single-cell algal protein source (Spirulina platensis), on intake, microbial protein supply and digestibility in cattle. Nine cannulated Bos indicus steers [initial liveweight 250.1 ± 10.86 (s.d.) kg] were fed Mitchell grass hay (Astrebla spp; 6.1 g N, 746 g NDF/kg DM) ad libitum and were supplied with increasing amounts of US (0, 6, 13, 19 and 33 g US DM/kg hay DM) or Spirulina 0, 0.5, 1.4, 2.5 and 6.1 g Spirulina DM/kg W.day in an incomplete Latin square design. The response of MCP production and EMCP to increasing amounts of the two supplements was different, with a greater response to Spirulina evident. The MCP production was predicted to peak at 140 and 568 g MCP/day (0.64 and 2.02 g MCP/kg W.day) for the US and Spirulina supplements, respectively. The highest measured EMCP were 92 and 166 g MCP/kg DOM for the US and Spirulina treatments at 170 and 290 g RDP/kg DOM, respectively, or a Spirulina intake of 5.7 g DM/kg W.day. Increasing RDP intake from US and Spirulina resulted in an increase in Mitchell grass hay intake and rumen NH3-N concentration and reduced the retention time of liquid and particulate markers and digesta DM, NDF and lignin in the rumen with greater changes due to Spirulina. Total DM intake peaked at a Spirulina supplement level of 4.6 g Spirulina DM/kg W.day with a 2.3-fold higher DOM intake than Control steers. Rumen NH3-N concentrations reached 128 and 264 mg NH3-N/L for the US and Spirulina treatments with a significant increase in the concentration of branched-chain fatty acids for the Spirulina treatment. The minimum retention time of liquid (Cr-EDTA; 23 and 13 h) and particulate (Yb; 34 and 22 h) markers in the rumen were significantly lower for Spirulina compared with US and lower than unsupplemented animals at 24 and 34 h for Cr-EDTA and Yb, respectively. Spirulina could be provided safely at much higher N intakes than NPN supplements. The results suggest that, at an equivalent RDP supply, Spirulina provided greater increases than US in MCP production, EMCP and feed intake of Bos indicus cattle consuming low protein forage and could also be fed safely at higher levels of N intake.

Effect of leucaena supplementation level, and provision of urea, on utilisation by sheep of Rhodes grass hay

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 155 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. W. Karda ◽  
G. McL. Dryden
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Tarramba leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala cv. Tarramba) foliage had per kilogram dry matter, 169 g protein and 29.8 g condensed tannins. Its value as a supplement, given either with or without urea, to sheep given a low-quality Callide Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana cv. Callide) hay was studied. Six rumen fistulated sheep (mean s.d. liveweight, 34 1.4 kg) were used to compare 6 dietary treatments in an incomplete latin square design. Rhodes grass hay was given ad libitum either alone, or with urea 7 g/day (U), or with leucaena 150 g/day (L150), or leucaena with urea (L150U), or leucaena 300 g/day (L300), or leucaena with urea (L300U). Digestible organic matter intake was increased significantly by leucaena supplementation although digestibility of the whole diet did not alter. Rumen fluid ammonia-N was not altered by leucaena supplementation, but was increased by urea. This suggests that Tarramba foliage protein has some resistance to ruminal degradation. Liquid and solids passage rates were not affected by the treatments. Microbial nitrogen supply to the intestine (g/day), and the efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis (g/kg organic matter apparently digested in the rumen), were increased by leucaena supplementation (P<0.01). Microbial protein synthesis was the only response in which 300 g/day air-dry Tarramba foliage gave improved results over 150 g/day.

Effect of altering the non-structural: structural carbohydrate ratio in a pasture diet on milk production and ruminal metabolites in cows in early and late lactation

1997 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. R. Carruthers ◽  
P. G. Neil ◽  
D. E. Dalley
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
P Efficiency ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter

AbstractThe effect on digestibility, ruminal metabolites, microbial protein synthesis and milk production of manipulating the non-structural (NSC): structural (SO carbohydrate ratio in a predominantly pasture diet was investigated in cows in early (trial 1) and late (trial 2) lactation. Twenty-four cows in trial 1 and 15 cows in trial 2 were offered pasture only (P), 0·85 P plus 0·15 NSC/protein mixture (PR), and P plus an additional 0·1 (trial 1) or 0·15 (trial 2) NSC (PE) in a Latin-square arrangement. All diets were isonitrogenous and P and PR were isoenergetic. PE but not PR increased microbial protein synthesis and decreased ruminal ammonia and milk urea levels, compared with P. Efficiency of microbial synthesis (g N per kg digestible organic matter intake) was not altered by treatment. Treatments had minor effects on ruminal pH and no effect on volatile fatty acid concentrations. PE and PR did not affect milk yield or protein yield and decreased fat yield compared with P in trial 1. Milk yield was increased on PE and PR compared with P and was greater on PE than PR, in trial 2. Yields of fat and protein were higher on PE than on P and yield of protein was higher on PR than on P. The results suggest that increasing the ratio of NSC: protein by increasing total carbohydrate intake was more effective in improving nitrogen utilization in the rumen than was increasing the NSC: SC ratio without increasing carbohydrate intake.

The effect of supplementing ammonia-treated straw with sugar beet pulp or barley on rumen kinetics and microbial protein production

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 216-217
Author(s):  
S. A. Abdulrazak ◽  
X. B. Chen ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
Beet Pulp

Data reported in the literature indicate that the efficiency of microbial protein production to ruminants vary considerably, i.e. 14-49 g microbial N/kg digestible organic matter apparently fermented in the rumen (ARC, 1984). This variation could be due to the effects of several factors, e.g. different types of feeds, rumen digesta outflow rate. The present experiment was conducted to examine whether there were differences between types of carbohydrate feedstuffs, e.g. ammonia-treated straw, barley and sugar beet pulp, as energy sources for the synthesis of microbial protein in sheep.Four Blackface x Suffolk wethers (body weight 39-42 kg) fitted with a rumen cannula were used. The animals were housed in metabolic cages and were offered 800 g/day of ammonia-treated straw (control) with or without supplementation with sugar beet pulp or barley at 20%, and 40% on fresh weight basis (SBP20, SBP40, B20 and B40 respectively). A 4 x 5 latin square design was used. The control diet also contained 20 g urea, 20 g casein, 3.4 g Na2SO4 and 10 g mineral & vitamin mixture per kg DM. Its N and ash contents were 25.6 and 74.1 g/kg DM respectively.

Intake, retention time in the rumen and microbial protein production of Bos indicus steers consuming grasses varying in crude protein content

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 444 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Panjaitan ◽  
S. P. Quigley ◽  
S. R. McLennan ◽  
T. Swain ◽  
D. P. Poppi
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Tropical Forage ◽  
Ryegrass Hay ◽  
The Difference

Feed intake, rumen function, microbial protein (MCP) production and the efficiency of MCP production were determined in steers fed four different forage hays varying markedly in crude protein content. Low quality tropical forage (speargrass and Mitchell grass) hays had lower crude protein content, higher neutral detergent fibre content and lower digestibility than a medium quality tropical forage (pangola grass) hay and a temperate forage (ryegrass) hay. Steers fed speargrass and Mitchell grass hays had lower MCP production (80 and 170 g MCP/day, respectively) and efficiency of MCP production [78 and 79 g MCP/kg digestible organic matter (DOM), respectively] than steers fed pangola grass (328 g MCP/day; 102 g MCP/kg DOM) and ryegrass (627 g MCP/day; 135 g MCP/kg DOM) hays, which was directly related to the supply of DOM and rumen degradable protein. Intake was greatest for ryegrass hay, followed by pangola grass, Mitchell grass and speargrass hays [17.6, 15.6, 10.1 and 5.5 g DM/kg W.day, respectively]. The retention time of DM in the rumen was 72.1, 47.7, 28.6 and 19.1 h for speargrass, Mitchell grass, pangola grass and ryegrass hays, respectively, with a similar trend apparent for the retention time of neutral detergent fibre, lignin, chromium-EDTA and ytterbium labelled digesta. The difference in the protein : energy ratio of absorbed substrates (measured as efficiency of MCP production) did not appear to account for all the differences in intake, nor did a purely physical mechanism.

Feed intake and digestion by Holstein steer calves consuming low-quality grass supplemented with lasalocid or monensin

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 869-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Galloway Sr. ◽  
A. L. Goetsch ◽  
A. Patil ◽  
L. A. Forster Jr. ◽  
Z. B. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Forage Intake

Holstein steer calves were fed late vegetative bermudagrass or mature bromegrass free choice in three Latin-square experiments to determine influences of ionophore type and level, supplementation with cereal grain, and source of low-quality grass on feed intake and digestion. In exp. 1, neither lasalocid nor monensin given at 0.5 mg kg−1 of body weight (BW) affected intake or digestion with either forage source. In exp. 2, steers received lasalocid or monensin at 0, 0.5 or 1.0 mg kg−1 of BW. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility was not depressed by ionophores and was slightly greater (P < 0.05) for ionophores at 1.0 than at 0.5 mg kg−1 of BW. Digestible organic matter intake with bermudagrass was slightly greater with ionophores at 1.0 than at 0.5 mg kg−1 of BW, but an opposite difference between ionophore levels occurred with bromegrass (ionophore level × forage source interaction; P < 0.07). The concentration of total volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid at 4 h post-feeding was lower (P < 0.05) for monensin than for lasalocid; the acetate/propionate ratio was decreased by ionophores and was lower for monensin than for lasalocid (P < 0.05). In exp. 3, lasalocid at 0.5 mg kg−1 of BW did not affect intake or digestion or interact with supplemental corn (7.2 g kg−1 of BW) or forage source. In conclusion, level of ionophore maximizing digestible organic matter intake may vary with characteristics of source of low-quality forage. However, when present, effects of ionophores on digestibility or energy intake may be relatively small. Key words: Cattle, ionophore, forage, intake, digestion

scholarly journals PSXIV-1 Effects of passage rate on forage intake and digestion in beef cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 377-377
Author(s):  
Thomas G Jennings ◽  
Angela Green-Miller
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Passage Rate ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
D 12

Abstract The objective was to evaluate treatments designed to increase passage rate on forage intake and digestion. Eight ruminally-cannulated steers were assigned to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. All steers were fed an ad libitum diet of prairie grass hay (10.4% CP) with the following treatments designed to increase passage rate: no treatment (control; CON), pelleted (PEL), 7% Ca(OH)2 treated (CAOH), and six 2 kg weights inserted into the rumen (WTS). Molasses (3% of diet DM) was added to all treatments. Feed, orts, and total feces was collected on d 12–17 to determine total tract digestibility. On d 17–20, ruminal pH was recorded every 8 hr. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 with treatment and period as fixed effects and steer as a random effect. A treatment effect (P &lt; 0.01) was observed for ruminal pH; steers fed CAOH had the highest pH (6.97) with WTS and CON intermediate and PEL being the lowest (6.34). Organic matter intake (OMI) was affected (P &lt; 0.01) by treatment with PEL steers consuming the most (7.86 kg). While steers consuming CON had greater OMI than CAOH (P = 0.04), WTS was not different from CON (P = 0.50). Organic matter digestibility (OMD) was also affected (P &lt; 0.01) by treatment as WTS and CON were the greatest (62.8% and 61.7%, respectively) and CAOH (58.7%) tended (P = 0.08) to be greater than PEL (55.9%). Total digestible organic matter intake (TDOMI) was affected (P &lt; 0.01) by treatment; PEL had the greatest TDOMI with CON being intermediate, and CAOH and WTS being the least. Treatments designed to increase passage rate did affect forage intake and digestion with the greatest effect resulting from pelleting grass hay due to the severe reduction in particle size.

Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Spirulina platensis terhadap Respon Imun Humoral Mencit setelah Uji Tantang Dengan Takizoit

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sorta Basar Ida Simanjuntak ◽  
Sukarti Moeljopawiro ◽  
Wayan Tunas Artama ◽  
Subagus Wahyuono
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Spirulina Platensis ◽  
Latin Square

Toksoplasmosis adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh infeksi Toxoplasma gondii. Penyakit ini sangat berbahaya pada hewan maupun manusia. Toksoplasmosis sampai sekarang masih sulit ditanggulangi. Untuk itu, dicari akternatif dengan cara pemberian imunostimulator, seperti Spirulina platensis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui ekstrak Spirulina platensis yang paling potensial meningkatkan respon imun humoral dan mengetahui dosis Spirulina platensis yang efektif dalam meningkatkan respons imun humoral. Rancangan penelitian adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap pola Faktorial. Faktor pertama adalah jenis ekstrak (ekstrak etil asetat, ekstrak air dan Spirulina platensis murni). Faktor kedua adalah dosis ekstrak (0, 5, 10, 15 mg/ekor mencit). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etil asetat dengan dosis 5 mg/ekor mencit adalah yang terbaik meningkatkan respon imun humoral. Uji lanjut dengan Latin Square Design (LSD) menunjukkan bahwa terdapat interaksi antara jenis ekstrak dan dosis ekstrak.

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