FINANCING AUSTRALIAN ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AN INTERNATIONAL VIEW

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
J. G. Stabback ◽  
D. G. Waddingham
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Project Financing ◽  
International Firms ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Internal Cash Flow ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas ◽  
The Cost ◽  
International View

In an energy-short world, escalating inflation and rising energy prices, the development of Australia's abundant natural resources will not only propel the economy forward through the 1980's, but will also significantly add to the world's available energy resources and lessen the upward pressure on oil prices.Enormous resources of coal and uranium are available in Australia together with modest reserves of crude oil and natural gas. The cost of developing these resources could well exceed $50 billion over the next decade. Because of the large scale and higher cost of developing these resources, increasing use of overseas funding will be needed unless taxation policies are altered in Australia to provide more internal cash flow. Joint ventures with international firms and project financing methods will be used more extensively in future to develop Australia's energy resources.

scholarly journals Complementarity Roses Evaluating Spatial Complementarity in Time between Energy Resources

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Risso ◽  
Alexandre Beluco ◽  
Rita Marques Alves
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Complete Evaluation ◽  
Hybrid Energy ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
The Cost

Hybrid energy systems have higher initial costs than systems that are based on only one renewable resource, but allow for the fulfillment of the demands of consumer loads with lower values for the cost of energy. The possible complementarity between the resources used can contribute to a better use of the available energy. On a large scale, complementarity between power plants can serve as a tool for the management of energy resources. A complete evaluation of complementarity needs to consider three components: time complementarity, energy complementarity, and complementarity between amplitudes of variation. Complementarity can also be assessed between energy resources in one place (which may be termed temporal complementarity) and between resources at different sites (termed spatial complementarity). This paper proposes a method for quantifying spatial complementarity over time and for its expression through maps. The method suggests the establishment of a hexagonal network of cells and the determination of complementary roses for each cell that contains power plants. This article also applies the method proposed to some hydroelectric plants and wind farms in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, in southern Brazil, and present the map of spatial complementarity in time obtained.

scholarly journals Techno-economic analysis for manufacturing cross-laminated timber

BioResources ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 7790-7804
Author(s):  
Kristin Brandt ◽  
Alex Wilson ◽  
Donald Bender ◽  
James D. Dolan ◽  
Michael P. Wolcott
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Cross Laminated Timber ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a bio-based building material that enables rapid construction and buildings with low embodied energy. Despite its comparative maturity in European markets, relatively little information regarding process design and economics for the manufacture of cross-laminated timber is available in the literature. Two techno-economic analyses were conducted to quantify the mill-gate cost of cross-laminated timber. The cross-laminated timber manufacturing process was described, and costs were analyzed for two facility scales. Cross-laminated timber produced at the large-scale facility using lumber priced at an average value for the northwest United States has a minimum selling price of $536/m3. Sensitivity analyses were used to define the impact of plant size, asset utilization, lumber price, plant capital cost, material waste, and other variables on minimum selling price. The cost of cross laminated timber rises quickly when a facility is not fully utilized. The second-ranking cost controlling variable is lumber price, while energy prices have minimal influence. The price of cross laminated timber can be optimized by locating a facility near low-cost lumber. The lowest-price region analyzed was the southeast United States using Southern Pine, which reduced the cost of cross laminated timber to $518/m3.

scholarly journals A Metaheuristic Harris Hawk Optimization Approach for Coordinated Control of Energy Management in Distributed Generation Based Microgrids

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 4085
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Abdelsalam ◽  
Hatem Y. Diab ◽  
A. A. El-Bary
Keyword(s):  
Energy Management ◽  
Cost Management ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Load Demand ◽  
Smart Energy Management ◽  
The Cost

Cost management of microgrids represents a real challenge since the power generation of microgrids is usually composed of different renewable and non-renewable sources. Additionally, it is always desired to make a connection between the microgrid and national grid to secure the load demand and to fit the regulations of liberated energy markets. Because of all these reasons, it is essential to develop a smart energy management unit to control different energy resources within the microgrid to achieve minimum operation costs. This paper presents a proposal for a smart unit for the cost management and operation of multi-source based microgrids. The proposed unit utilizes the Harris hawk optimization (HHO) algorithm which is used to optimize the cost of operation based on current load demand, energy prices and generation capacities. The proposed unit is tested on a microgrid with different energy resources using MATLAB while applying different operation scenarios. All simulation results show that the proposed unit succeeds in operating the microgrid at minimum cost. Obtained results are compared with other optimization algorithms and the proposed Harris hawk algorithm gives superior performance.

scholarly journals Model Predictive Control for Efficient Management of Energy Resources in Smart Buildings

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 5592
Author(s):  
Francesco Simmini ◽  
Tommaso Caldognetto ◽  
Mattia Bruschetta ◽  
Enrico Mion ◽  
Ruggero Carli
Keyword(s):  
Model Predictive Control ◽  
Predictive Control ◽  
Heuristic Method ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Smart Buildings ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
Future Information

Efficient management of energy resources is crucial in smart buildings. In this work, model predictive control (MPC) is used to minimize the economic costs of prosumers equipped with production units, energy storage systems, and electric vehicles. To this purpose, the predictive control manages the available energy resources by exploiting future information about energy prices, absorption and production power profiles, and electric vehicle (EV) usage, such as times of departure and arrival and predicted energy consumption. The predictive control is compared with a rule-based technique, herein referred to as a heuristic approach, that acts in an instant-by-instant fashion without considering any future information. The reported results show that the studied predictive approach allows one to achieve charging profiles that adapt to variable operating conditions, aiming at optimal performances in terms of economic cost minimization in time-varying price scenarios, reduction of rms current stresses, and recharging capability of EV batteries. Specifically, unlike the heuristic method, the MPC approach is proven to be capable of efficiently managing the available energy resources to ensure a full recharge of the EV battery during nighttime while always respecting all system constraints. In addition, the proposed control is shown to be capable of keeping the peak power absorption from the grid constrained within set limits, which is a valuable feature in scenarios with widespread adoption of EVs in order to limit the stress on the electrical system.

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT PRINCIPLES IN MANAGEMENT OF AN APARTMENT BUILDING IN UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 16-21
Author(s):  
Stanislav Kiris
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Energy Audit ◽  
Apartment Building ◽  
State Support ◽  
Financial Capacity ◽  
Apartment Buildings ◽  
The Cost

The purpose of this article is to analyze the efficiency of management of an apartment building in the context of energy efficiency. The article describes the conduct of an energy audit for apartment buildings, which allows a thorough assessment of this problem and identify optimal ways to save energy resources by apartment buildings. Energy audit is a special examination of residential buildings or enterprises, conducted by specialized specialists in energy certification of buildings to determine their technical condition and energy efficiency. Methodology. Within the framework of this article, the results of a sociological survey conducted among the heads of condominiums to analyze the level of their interest in the implementation of energy efficiency measures were analyzed. The value of the cost of 1 apartment for the implementation of the energy modernization project is calculated. Currently, "energy efficiency" and "energy saving" are extremely popular in Ukraine, due to the following: increasing the cost of energy resources;limited financial capacity of vulnerable groups to pay for services. Results of the survey showed an insufficient level of implementation of energy-saving technologies, although the level of interest of apartment building heads is very high. The development of energy efficiency programs for an apartment building is carried out not only taking into account the necessary priority measures, but also based on the financial capacity of the co-owners of the apartment building. The reason for the insufficient implementation of energy saving measures is the insufficient financial capacity of co-owners and, as a consequence, the apartment buildings themselves. State support for the implementation of energy efficiency in the management of apartment buildings has been studied in detail. It is concluded that large-scale involvement of apartment buildings in the implementation of energy efficiency programs is constrained by the following problems: insufficient funding; insufficient state support for project financing; distrust of co-owners to the effectiveness of the project; unsatisfactory condition of the apartment building, which requires significant financial costs. The growth rate of the number of condominium applications shows an increase in public confidence in the Program. However, they are not enough to talk about launching large-scale energy modernization of multi-apartment housing. Financial support of local authorities to their residents in the implementation of energy saving measures will contribute to even better results.

Cost- und Monitoring-Projekt: Zwei neue forstliche Meinungsumfragen im Vergleich | The Cost- and Monitoring-Projects: A Comparison of Two New Forestry Opinion Polls

2000 ◽  
Vol 151 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Wild-Eck ◽  
Willi Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Forest Policy ◽  
Forest Economics ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Federal Institute ◽  
Swiss Confederation ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Opinion Polls

Two large-scale surveys looking at attitudes towards forests, forestry and forest policy in the second half ofthe nineties have been carried out. This work was done on behalf of the Swiss Confederation by the Chair of Forest Policy and Forest Economics of the Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich. Not only did the two studies use very different methods, but the results also varied greatly as far as infrastructure and basic conditions were concerned. One of the main differences between the two studies was the fact that the first dealt only with mountainous areas, whereas the second was carried out on the whole Swiss population. The results of the studies reflect these differences:each produced its own specific findings. Where the same (or similar) questions were asked, the answers highlight not only how the attitudes of those questioned differ, but also views that they hold in common. Both surveys showed positive attitudes towards forests in general, as well as a deep-seated appreciation ofthe forest as a recreational area, and a positive approach to tending. Detailed results of the two surveys will be available in the near future.

Assessment of bioenergy development potential in agricultural enterprises

2020 ◽  
pp. 165-171
Author(s):  
Iryna Hryhoruk
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
General Structure ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Energy Potential

Exhaustion of traditional energy resources, their uneven geographical location, and catastrophic changes in the environment necessitate the transition to renewable energy resources. Moreover, Ukraine's economy is critically dependent on energy exports, and in some cases, the dependence is not only economic but also political, which in itself poses a threat to national security. One of the ways to solve this problem is the large-scale introduction and use of renewable energy resources, bioenergy in particular. The article summarizes and offers methods for assessing the energy potential of agriculture. In our country, a significant amount of biomass is produced every year, which remains unused. A significant part is disposed of due to incineration, which significantly harms the environment and does not allow earning additional funds. It is investigated that the bioenergy potential of agriculture depends on the geographical distribution and varies in each region of Ukraine. Studies have shown that as of 2019 the smallest share in the total amount of conventional fuel that can be obtained from agricultural waste and products suitable for energy production accounts for Zakarpattya region - 172.5 thousand tons. (0.5% of the total) and Chernivtsi region - 291.3 thousand tons. (0.9%). Poltava region has the greatest potential - 2652.2 thousand tons. (7.8%) and Vinnytsia - 2623.7 thousand tons. (7.7%). It should be noted that the use of the energy potential of biomass in Ukraine can be called unsatisfactory. The share of biomass in the provision of primary energy consumption is very small. For bioenergy to occupy its niche in the general structure of the agro-industrial complex, it is necessary to develop mechanisms for its stimulation. In addition, an effective strategy for the development of the bioenergy sector of agriculture is needed. The article considers the general energy potential of agriculture, its indicative structure. The analysis is also made in terms of areas. In addition, an economic assessment of the possible use of existing potential is identified.

Waste minimization program in Shuaiba Industrial Area

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 289-295
Author(s):  
Saleh Al-Muzaini
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Waste Minimization ◽  
Regulatory Body ◽  
Eastern Sector ◽  
Western Sector ◽  
Petroleum Companies ◽  
The Cost

The Shuaiba Industrial Area (SIA) is located about 50 km south of Kuwait City. It accommodates most of the large-scale industries in Kuwait. The total area of the SIA (both eastern and western sectors) is about 22.98 million m2. Fifteen plants are located in the eastern sector and 23 in the western sector, including two petrochemical companies, three refineries, two power plants, a melamine company, an industrial gas corporation, a paper products company and, two steam electricity generating stations, in addition to several other industries. Therefore, only 30 percent of the land in the SIA's eastern sector and 70 percent of land in the SIA's western sector is available for future expansion. Presently, industries in the SIA generate approximately 204,000 t of solid waste. With future development in the industries in the SIA, the estimated quantities will reach 240,000 t. The Shuaiba Area Authority (SAA), a governmental regulatory body responsible for planning and development in the SIA, has recognized the problem of solid waste and has developed an industrial waste minimization program. This program would help to reduce the quantity of waste generated within the SIA and thereby reduce the cost of waste management. This paper presents a description of the waste minimization program and how it is to be implemented by major petroleum companies. The protocols employed in the waste minimization program are detailed.

Budgetary Authority and Coalition Management

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Chaisty ◽  
Nic Cheeseman ◽  
Timothy J. Power
Keyword(s):  
Resource Dependence ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
System Level ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Economic Crises ◽  
Government Transparency ◽  
Discretionary Spending ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Coalition Size

This chapter considers how presidents use their budget powers and the allocation of targeted discretionary spending to manage their coalitions. It considers the costs of budget tool deployment (in terms of time, controversy, and economic resources), and the factors that affect these costs: system-level factors (government transparency, federalism, personal-vote elections), coalition-level factors (coalition size, fragmentation, and heterogeneity), and conjunctural factors (economic crises and energy prices). It explores these factors with cases of budget tool deployment in Ukraine, Ecuador, and Russia. The Ecuadorean and Russian cases illustrate the divergent effects of resource dependence on the cost of budget tool dependence. Finally, it uses data from MP surveys to show the high value that legislators attribute to budget tools, and to illustrate how the composition of coalitions affects the costs that presidents are likely to face.

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