Sorghum hybrid differences in grain yield and nitrogen concentration under low soil nitrogen availability. II. Hybrids with contrasting phenology

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 1277 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kamoshita ◽  
M. Cooper ◽  
R. C. Muchow ◽  
S. Fukai
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
The Other ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Comparable Amount ◽  
Radiation Interception ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Early Maturing

Genotypic variation for phenology is important when considering the adaptation of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) to adverse environments, but little is known about its role under environmental conditions that result in low soil nitrogen (N) availability. We examined the role of phenology in relation to other traits considered to contribute to the adaptation of sorghum to low soil N conditions. Four hybrids with contrasting maturity date were examined (2 early and 2 late) under conditions of full irrigation supply. The late-maturing hybrids had higher yield than one of the early hybrids only in optimum N conditions (960 v. 815 g/m2). The high yield of the late-maturing hybrids was a result of greater biomass production due to a longer period of radiation interception, rather than a greater fraction of radiation interception at any time. Longer growth duration had no positive effect on N capture, resulting in a lower grain N concentration at maturity relative to the early-maturing hybrid (1·42% v. 1·67%). The other early-maturing hybrids achieved a comparable amount of biomass production and grain yield (997 g/m2) to the late-maturing hybrids, and higher grain N concentration (1·55%). This was attributed to their higher plant N uptake by maturity, which contributed to higher grain N and maintained higher radiation use efficiency (RUE) relative to the other hybrids. Under N-limiting conditions, the advantage of the late-maturing hybrids was small in terms of radiation interception, and there was no advantage in terms of total plant N content. One of the early-maturing hybrids continued to absorb more N and accumulated larger amounts of N to grain for a longer period after anthesis than the other hybrids, resulting in higher grain N concentration (1·10% v. 0·92%). Genotypic variation for RUE, N utilisation, and harvest index was observed, but was confounded with the other components, resulting in a small difference in yield (392–454 g/m2).

Sorghum hybrid differences in grain yield and nitrogen concentration under low soil nitrogen availability. I. Hybrids with similar phenology

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 1267 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kamoshita ◽  
R. C. Muchow ◽  
M. Cooper ◽  
S. Fukai
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
N Availability ◽  
N Content ◽  
Available N ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Application Rates

In Australia, grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] hybrids are often grown under conditions of low soil nitrogen (N) availability with suboptimal levels of N fertiliser supplied. However, little is known about the traits that contribute to sorghum hybrid performance in environments with low available N. We examined plant traits that may contribute to adaptation of sorghum to low soil N conditions, and the influence of genotype × N environment interactions on yield and grain N concentration. Two experiments were conducted using 3–6 hybrids with similar phenology. Three N fertiliser application rates (0, 60, and 240 kg/ha) were used in Expt 1, and 2 application rates (0 and 60 kg/ha) were used in Expt 2. Hybrid yield was associated with plant N content at maturity. The ability of a hybrid to take up N continuously during grain filling, under N limiting conditions, was identified as an important component contributing to high yield. In the non-fertilised treatment of Expt 2, where plants suffered the most severe N limitation before anthesis (e.g. total plant N content at anthesis <3 g/m2), hybrid yield was associated with biomass production and duration of effective grain filling. The dependence of the expression of the higher N uptake trait on N availability and other environmental factors resulted in genotype × environment interactions for yield. Differences among hybrids in leaf senescence and grain growth rate had little effect on yield. Genotypic variation for grain N concentration was consistent across experiments for hybrids with and without the staygreen attribute. In Expt 2 the magnitude of leaf senescence and amount of N mobilised from leaf to grain were greater at 60 kg N/ha than in the non-fertilised treatment. In addition, the staygreen hybrid 72389–1-1–3/QL36 had a slower rate of leaf senescence, took up larger amounts of N after anthesis, and had higher grain N concentration (1·07%) than the senescent hybrids ATx623/RTx430 (0·95%) and QL41/69264–2-2–2 (0·90%).

Genetic Analysis of Grain Yield of IITA and CIMMYT Early-Maturing Maize Inbreds under Striga -Infested and Low-Soil-Nitrogen Environments

Crop Science ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 610-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice E Ifie ◽  
Baffour Badu-Apraku ◽  
Vernon Gracen ◽  
Eric Y Danquah
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Maize Inbreds

Grain nitrogen concentration differences among three sorghum hybrids with similar grain yield

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kamoshita ◽  
M. Cooper ◽  
R. C. Muchow ◽  
S. Fukai
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
N Availability ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Grain Nitrogen

The differences in grain nitrogen (N) concentration among 3 sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) hybrids with similar grain yield were examined under N-limiting conditions in relation to the availability of assimilate and N to grain. Several manipulation treatments [N fertiliser application, lower leaves shading, thinning (reduced plant population), whole canopy shading, canopy opening, spikelet removal] were imposed to alter the relative N and assimilate availability to grain under full irrigation supply. Grain N concentration increased by either increased grain N availability or yield reduction while maintaining N uptake. Grain N concentration, however, did not decrease in the treatments where relative abundance of N compared with assimilate was intended to be reduced. The minimum levels of grain N concentration differed from 0.95% (ATx623/RTx430) to 1.14% (DK55plus) in these treatments. Regardless of the extent of variation in assimilate and N supply to grain, the ranking of hybrids on grain N concentration was consistent across the manipulation treatments. For the 3 hybrids examined, higher grain N concentration was associated with higher N uptake during grain filling and, to a lesser extent, with higher N mobilisation. Hybrids with larger grain N accumulation had a larger number of grains. There was no tradeoff between grain N concentration and yield, suggesting that grain protein concentration can be improved without sacrificing yield potential.

Nitrogen use efficiency in spring wheat: genotypic variation and grain yield response under sandy soil conditions

2017 ◽  
Vol 155 (9) ◽  
pp. 1407-1423 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. MANSOUR ◽  
A. M. A. MERWAD ◽  
M. A. T. YASIN ◽  
M. I. E. ABDUL-HAMID ◽  
E. E. A. EL-SOBKY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Use Efficiency

SUMMARYAgricultural practices are likely to lower nitrogen (N) fertilization inputs for economic and ecological limitation reasons. The objective of the current study was to assess genotypic variation in nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and related parameters of spring wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) as well as the relative grain yield performance under sandy soil conditions. A sub-set of 16 spring wheat genotypes was studied over 2 years at five N levels (0, 70, 140, 210 and 280 kg N/ha). Results indicated significant differences among genotypes and N levels for grain yield and yield components as well as NUE. Genotypes with high NUE exhibited higher plant biomass, grain and straw N concentration and grain yield than those with medium and low NUE. Utilization efficiency (grain-NUtE) was more important than uptake efficiency (total NUpE) in association with grain yield. Nitrogen supply was found to have a substantial effect on genotype; Line 6052 as well as Shandawel 1, Gemmiza 10, Gemmiza 12, Line 6078 and Line 6083 showed higher net assimilation rate, more productive tillers, increased number of spikes per unit area and grains per spike, extensive N concentration in grain and straw, heavier grains, higher biological yield and consequently maximized grain yield. The relative importance of NUE-associated parameters such as nitrogen agronomic efficiency, nitrogen physiological efficiency and apparent nitrogen recovery as potential targets in breeding programmes for increased NUE genotypes is also mentioned.

scholarly journals TaLAMP1 Plays Key Roles in Plant Architecture and Yield Response to Nitrogen Fertilizer in Wheat

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Shi ◽  
Yiping Tong
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Architecture ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Grain Number Per Spike ◽  
Spike Number

Understanding the molecular mechanisms in wheat response to nitrogen (N) fertilizer will help us to breed wheat varieties with improved yield and N use efficiency. Here, we cloned TaLAMP1-3A, -3B, and -3D, which were upregulated in roots and shoots of wheat by low N availability. In a hydroponic culture, lateral root length and N uptake were decreased in both overexpression and knockdown of TaLAMP1 at the seedling stage. In the field experiment with normal N supply, the grain yield of overexpression of TaLAMP1-3B is significantly reduced (14.5%), and the knockdown of TaLAMP1 was significantly reduced (15.5%). The grain number per spike of overexpression of TaLAMP1-3B was significantly increased (7.2%), but the spike number was significantly reduced (19.2%) compared with wild type (WT), although the grain number per spike of knockdown of TaLAMP1 was significantly decreased (15.3%), with no difference in the spike number compared with WT. Combined with the agronomic data from the field experiment of normal N and low N, both overexpression and knockdown of TaLAMP1 inhibited yield response to N fertilizer. Overexpressing TaLAMP1-3B greatly increased grain N concentration with no significant detrimental effect on grain yield under low N conditions; TaLAMP1-3 B is therefore valuable in engineering wheat for low input agriculture. These results suggested that TaLAMP1 is critical for wheat adaptation to N availability and in shaping plant architecture by regulating spike number per plant and grain number per spike. Optimizing TaLAMP1 expression may facilitate wheat breeding with improved yield, grain N concentration, and yield responses to N fertilizer.

Genotypic variation for grain yield and grain nitrogen concentration among sorghum hybrids under different levels of nitrogen fertiliser and water supply

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 737 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kamoshita ◽  
M. Cooper ◽  
R. C. Muchow ◽  
S. Fukai
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
High Input ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Rainfed Conditions ◽  
Maturity Date ◽  
Grain Nitrogen ◽  
Fertiliser Application

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is often grown under nitrogen- or water-limited conditions, but there is little information on genotypic variation for grain yield and grain nitrogen (N) concentration under these conditions. This study examined the expression of specific adaptation of hybrids to these stress conditions and, secondly, the effect of N fertiliser application on yield and grain N concentration of the hybrids. Two experiments, one irrigated and the other under rainfed conditions, were conducted in 2 seasons to examine 14 hybrids grown under 3 levels of fertiliser N supply (0, 60, and 240 kg/ha). Genotypic variation for yield and grain N concentration was generally larger than the in˚uence of genotype environment (predominantly N and water) interactions. Genotypic variation for phenology was important in determining variation for yield and grain N concentration in high-input and rainfed conditions when N was not the limiting factor, but not under N-limiting conditions. Under high-input conditions (240 kg/ha of N fertiliser and irrigated), maturity date accounted for about 50% of the genotypic variation for grain yield (798-1049 g/m2), with later maturing hybrids having a higher yield. Maturity date had little effect on plant N content at maturity or N harvest index, and hence grain N concentration (1·67-2·01%) was negatively correlated with grain yield. Under N-limiting conditions, N fertiliser application had large effects on yield and/or grain N concentration in both well-watered and pre-anthesis water stress conditions. In the irrigated experiment, when N was limiting (0 and 60 kg/ha of N fertiliser), genotypic variation for grain yield (225-729 g/m2) was not related to that for maturity date. It was, however, related to the variation in N uptake and dry matter growth by anthesis in the non-fertilised treatment. There was significant genotypic variation for grain N concentration (0·94-1·26%), which was not explained by variation for grain yield. Under rainfed conditions, where severe pre-anthesis water stress occurred, phenology was important in determining about 40% of the genotypic variation for yield (69-286 g/m2). The late-flowering hybrids escaped the major impact of the pre-anthesis water stress, had reduced damage to panicle development, and had higher N utilisation, consequently producing higher grain yield. Grain N concentration (1·09-2·85%) was again negatively related with grain yield. Genetic improvement of N uptake is identified as a possible breeding strategy for raising productivity and quality of grain sorghum under N-limiting conditions.

scholarly journals Biomass and grain yield of oats by growth regulator

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anderson Marolli ◽  
José A. G. da Silva ◽  
Marcos V. Romitti ◽  
Rubia D. Mantai ◽  
Maraisa C. Hawerroth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
The Other ◽  
Very High ◽  
Yield Of Oats

ABSTRACT The use of growth regulator in oats can reduce plant lodging with reflections in biomass and grain yield. The objective of the study was to determine the feasibility and efficiency of using Trinexapac-Ethyl regulator in the growth of white oat under different conditions of N-fertilizer and years favorable and unfavorable for cultivation. In this study, two experiments were conducted in the years 2011, 2012 and 2013, one for quantifying biomass production rate and the other for the determination of grain yield and lodging. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replicates, in a 4 x 3 factorial scheme, for growth regulator doses (0, 200, 400 and 600 mL ha-1) and nitrogen doses (30, 90 and 150 kg ha-1), respectively. There is a linear reduction of biomass rate with the increase in the growth regulator dose in oat, regardless of the condition of year and use of N-fertilizer. The growth regulator dose of 495 mL ha-1 efficiently reduces lodging with reduced, high and very high use of N-fertilizer, without reducing the yield of oat grains, in favorable, intermediate or unfavorable year for cultivation.

scholarly journals Strategies for Selecting Early Maturing Maize Inbred Lines for Hybrid Production under Low Soil Nitrogen and Striga Infestation

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1309
Author(s):  
Gloria B. Adu ◽  
Baffour Badu-Apraku ◽  
Richard Akromah
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Multiple Traits ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Positive Direct

Development, testing and selection of superior inbred lines is crucial for the success of a hybrid program targeting Striga-infested and low soil nitrogen (low-N) environments. The practical value of inbred lines is determined by multiple traits, most of which are inter-dependent. The main objective of this study was to identify early maturing inbred lines based on multiple traits under optimal, low-N and Striga-infested environments for hybrid development and population improvement. One hundred early maturing inbred lines were evaluated under artificial Striga-infestation, low-N and optimal growing environments for two years at Kwadaso and Nyankpala in Ghana. The inbred lines exhibited high levels of genetic variability for grain yield and other agronomic traits desirable for Striga resistance and low-N tolerance. Under optimal growing conditions, days to silking (DS), ears per plot (EHARV) and days to anthesis (DA) had high direct effects on grain yield (GYLD). Days to silking and ears per plant (EPP) had the highest positive direct effects on GYLD, while DA had the highest negative direct effect on grain yield in low-N environments. Under Striga-infestation, the highest negative direct effect on GYLD was obtained with EASP. All the measured traits previously identified to have direct influence on grain yield were associated with it and could be used for indirect selection for improved grain yield under the contrasting environments. Forty-eight of the 100 inbred lines studied were identified as low-N tolerant and forty-nine as Striga resistant.

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