Sorghum hybrid differences in grain yield and nitrogen concentration under low soil nitrogen availability. I. Hybrids with similar phenology

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 1267 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kamoshita ◽  
R. C. Muchow ◽  
M. Cooper ◽  
S. Fukai
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
N Availability ◽  
N Content ◽  
Available N ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Application Rates

In Australia, grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] hybrids are often grown under conditions of low soil nitrogen (N) availability with suboptimal levels of N fertiliser supplied. However, little is known about the traits that contribute to sorghum hybrid performance in environments with low available N. We examined plant traits that may contribute to adaptation of sorghum to low soil N conditions, and the influence of genotype × N environment interactions on yield and grain N concentration. Two experiments were conducted using 3–6 hybrids with similar phenology. Three N fertiliser application rates (0, 60, and 240 kg/ha) were used in Expt 1, and 2 application rates (0 and 60 kg/ha) were used in Expt 2. Hybrid yield was associated with plant N content at maturity. The ability of a hybrid to take up N continuously during grain filling, under N limiting conditions, was identified as an important component contributing to high yield. In the non-fertilised treatment of Expt 2, where plants suffered the most severe N limitation before anthesis (e.g. total plant N content at anthesis <3 g/m2), hybrid yield was associated with biomass production and duration of effective grain filling. The dependence of the expression of the higher N uptake trait on N availability and other environmental factors resulted in genotype × environment interactions for yield. Differences among hybrids in leaf senescence and grain growth rate had little effect on yield. Genotypic variation for grain N concentration was consistent across experiments for hybrids with and without the staygreen attribute. In Expt 2 the magnitude of leaf senescence and amount of N mobilised from leaf to grain were greater at 60 kg N/ha than in the non-fertilised treatment. In addition, the staygreen hybrid 72389–1-1–3/QL36 had a slower rate of leaf senescence, took up larger amounts of N after anthesis, and had higher grain N concentration (1·07%) than the senescent hybrids ATx623/RTx430 (0·95%) and QL41/69264–2-2–2 (0·90%).

Grain nitrogen concentration differences among three sorghum hybrids with similar grain yield

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kamoshita ◽  
M. Cooper ◽  
R. C. Muchow ◽  
S. Fukai
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
N Availability ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Grain Nitrogen

The differences in grain nitrogen (N) concentration among 3 sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) hybrids with similar grain yield were examined under N-limiting conditions in relation to the availability of assimilate and N to grain. Several manipulation treatments [N fertiliser application, lower leaves shading, thinning (reduced plant population), whole canopy shading, canopy opening, spikelet removal] were imposed to alter the relative N and assimilate availability to grain under full irrigation supply. Grain N concentration increased by either increased grain N availability or yield reduction while maintaining N uptake. Grain N concentration, however, did not decrease in the treatments where relative abundance of N compared with assimilate was intended to be reduced. The minimum levels of grain N concentration differed from 0.95% (ATx623/RTx430) to 1.14% (DK55plus) in these treatments. Regardless of the extent of variation in assimilate and N supply to grain, the ranking of hybrids on grain N concentration was consistent across the manipulation treatments. For the 3 hybrids examined, higher grain N concentration was associated with higher N uptake during grain filling and, to a lesser extent, with higher N mobilisation. Hybrids with larger grain N accumulation had a larger number of grains. There was no tradeoff between grain N concentration and yield, suggesting that grain protein concentration can be improved without sacrificing yield potential.

Sorghum hybrid differences in grain yield and nitrogen concentration under low soil nitrogen availability. II. Hybrids with contrasting phenology

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 1277 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kamoshita ◽  
M. Cooper ◽  
R. C. Muchow ◽  
S. Fukai
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
The Other ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Comparable Amount ◽  
Radiation Interception ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Early Maturing

Genotypic variation for phenology is important when considering the adaptation of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) to adverse environments, but little is known about its role under environmental conditions that result in low soil nitrogen (N) availability. We examined the role of phenology in relation to other traits considered to contribute to the adaptation of sorghum to low soil N conditions. Four hybrids with contrasting maturity date were examined (2 early and 2 late) under conditions of full irrigation supply. The late-maturing hybrids had higher yield than one of the early hybrids only in optimum N conditions (960 v. 815 g/m2). The high yield of the late-maturing hybrids was a result of greater biomass production due to a longer period of radiation interception, rather than a greater fraction of radiation interception at any time. Longer growth duration had no positive effect on N capture, resulting in a lower grain N concentration at maturity relative to the early-maturing hybrid (1·42% v. 1·67%). The other early-maturing hybrids achieved a comparable amount of biomass production and grain yield (997 g/m2) to the late-maturing hybrids, and higher grain N concentration (1·55%). This was attributed to their higher plant N uptake by maturity, which contributed to higher grain N and maintained higher radiation use efficiency (RUE) relative to the other hybrids. Under N-limiting conditions, the advantage of the late-maturing hybrids was small in terms of radiation interception, and there was no advantage in terms of total plant N content. One of the early-maturing hybrids continued to absorb more N and accumulated larger amounts of N to grain for a longer period after anthesis than the other hybrids, resulting in higher grain N concentration (1·10% v. 0·92%). Genotypic variation for RUE, N utilisation, and harvest index was observed, but was confounded with the other components, resulting in a small difference in yield (392–454 g/m2).

Organic amendment effects on tuber yield, plant N uptake and soil mineral N under organic potato production

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (03) ◽  
pp. 250-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek H. Lynch ◽  
Zhiming Zheng ◽  
Bernie J. Zebarth ◽  
Ralph C. Martin
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Soil Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Available N ◽  
Organic Potato ◽  
Certified Organic

AbstractThe market for certified organic potatoes in Canada is growing rapidly, but the productivity and dynamics of soil N under commercial organic potato systems remain largely unknown. This study examined, at two sites in Atlantic Canada (Winslow, PEI, and Brookside, NS), the impacts of organic amendments on Shepody potato yield, quality and soil mineral nitrogen dynamics under organic management. Treatments included a commercial hog manure–sawdust compost (CP) and pelletized poultry manure (NW) applied at 300 and 600 kg total N ha−1, plus an un-amended control (CT). Wireworm damage reduced plant stands at Brookside in 2003 and those results are not presented. Relatively high tuber yields (~30 Mg ha−1) and crop N uptake (112 kg N ha−1) were achieved for un-amended soil in those site-years (Winslow 2003 and 2004) when soil moisture was non-limiting. Compost resulted in higher total yields than CT in one of three site-years. Apparent recovery of N from CP was negligible; therefore CP yield benefits were attributed to factors other than N availability. At Winslow, NW300, but not NW600, significantly increased total and marketable yields by an average of 5.8 and 7.0 Mg ha−1. Plant available N averaged 39 and 33% for NW300 and NW600, respectively. Soil (0–30 cm) NO3−-N at harvest was low (&lt;25 kg N ha−1) for CT and CP, but increased substantially both in season and at harvest (61–141 kg N ha−1) when NW was applied. Most leaching losses of NO3−-N occur between seasons and excessive levels of residual soil NO3-N at harvest, as obtained for NW600, must be avoided. Given current premiums for certified organic potatoes, improving yields through application of amendments supplying moderate rates of N or organic matter appears warranted.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency and Leaching Losses from Lysimeter-grown Citrus Trees Fertilized at Three Nitrogen Rates

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.P. Syvertsen ◽  
M.L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Fibrous Root ◽  
N Application ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency ◽  
Uptake Efficiency ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Leaf N

Four-year-old `Redblush' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) trees on either the relatively fast-growing rootstock `Volkamer' lemon (VL) (C. volkameriana Ten. & Pasq.) or on the slower-growing rootstock sour orange (SO) (C. aurantium L.) were transplanted into 7.9-m3 drainage lysimeter tanks filled with native Candler sand, irrigated similarly, and fertilized at three N rates during 2.5 years. After 6 months, effects of N application rate and rootstock on tree growth, evapotranspiration, fruit yield, N uptake, and leaching were measured during the following 2 years. When trees were 5 years old, low, medium, and high N application rates averaged about 79,180, or 543 g N/tree per year and about 126,455, or 868 g N/tree during the following year. Recommended rates average about 558 g N/tree per year. A lysimeter tank with no tree and additional trees growing outside lysimeters received the medium N treatment. Nitrogen concentration in the drainage water increased with N rate and exceeded 10 mg·liter-1 for trees receiving the high rates and also for the no tree tank. Leachate N concentration and total N recovered was greater from trees on SO than from those on VL. Average N uptake efficiency of medium N rate trees on VL was 6870 of the applied N and 61 % for trees on SO. Nitrogen uptake efficiency decreased with increased N application rates. Trees outside lysimeters had lower leaf N and fruit yield than lysimeter trees. Overall, canopy volume and leaf N concentration increased with N rate, but there was no effect of N rate on fibrous root dry weight. Fruit yield of trees on SO was not affected by N rate but higher N resulted in greater yield for trees on VL. Rootstock had no effect on leaf N concentration, but trees on VI. developed larger canopies, had greater fibrous root dry weight, used more water, and yielded more fruit than trees on SO. Based on growth, fruit yield and N leaching losses, currently recommended N rates were appropriate for trees on the more vigorous VL rootstock but were 22% to 69 % too high for trees on SO.

scholarly journals Evaluation of nitrogen availability indices and their relationship with plant response on acidic soils of India

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 235-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bordoloi LJ ◽  
Singh AK ◽  
Manoj-Kumar ◽  
Patiram ◽  
S. Hazarika
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Acidic Soils ◽  
Total N ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Available N

Plant&rsquo;s nitrogen (N) requirement that is not fulfilled by available N in soil has to be supplied externally through chemical fertilizers. A reliable estimate of soil N-supplying capacity (NSC) is therefore essential for efficient fertilizer use. In this study involving a pot experiment with twenty acidic soils varying widely in properties, we evaluated six chemical indices of soil N-availability viz. organic carbon (C<sub>org</sub>), total N (N<sub>tot</sub>), acid and alkaline-KMnO<sub>4</sub> extractable-N, hot KCl extractable-N (KCl-N) and phosphate-borate buffer extractable-N (PBB-N), based on their strength of correlation with available-N values obtained through aerobic incubation (AI-N) and anaerobic incubation (ANI-N), and also with the dry matter yield (DMY), N percentage and plant (maize) N uptake (PNU). In general, the soils showed large variability in NSC as indicated by variability in PNU which ranged from 598 to 1026 mg/pot. Correlations of the N-availability indices with AI-N and ANI-N decreased in the order: PBB-N (r = 0.784** and 0.901**) &gt; KCl-N (r = 0.773** and 0.743**) &gt; acid KMnO<sub>4</sub>-N (r = 0.575** and 0.651**) &ge; C<sub>org</sub> (r = 0.591** and 0.531**) &ge; alkaline KMnO<sub>4</sub>-N (r = 0.394** and 0.548**) &gt; N<sub>tot</sub> (r = 0.297** and 0.273*). Of all the indices evaluated, PBB-N showed the best correlations with plant parameters as well (r = 0.790** and 0.793** for DMY and PNU, respectively). Based on the highest correlations of PBB-N with biological indices as well as plant responses, we propose PBB-N as an appropriate index of N-availability in the acidic soils of India and other regions with similar soils.

Availability of nitrogen in solid manure amendments with different C:N ratios

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Qian ◽  
J. J. Schoenau
Keyword(s):  
Anion Exchange ◽  
N Mineralization ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Anion Exchange Membrane ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Available N ◽  
Manure Amendments ◽  
Exchange Membrane

Manures behave differently as sources of available N due to differences in the amounts and forms of N in the manure. The C:N ratio is an important factor affecting the rate of mineralization and release of available N from manures in which the majority of N is contained in organic forms. In order to ascertain the effect of manure C:N ratio on N mineralization in manure-amended soils, 13 solid manures with a large range in C:N ratio were applied to two Saskatchewan soils (Haverhill sandy loam and Blaine Lake clay loam) at 100 mg N kg-1 along with control (no manure) treatments. A growth chamber experiment was conducted to evaluate the relationship between manure C:N ratio and canola yield and N uptake, and a laboratory incubation was conducted to measure how the addition of manures with different C:N ratios affected the pattern of N release in the soils as measured by supply rates to anion exchange membrane (PRSTM) probes placed directly in the soil. Canola (Brassica napus var. Sprint) was grown under the same environmental conditions to maturity, and yield and nutrient contents were determined. A significant increase in canola yield and N uptake was observed over the control in both soils only when amended with poultry manure (C:N 7.6) or a pelletized form of hog manure that was supplemented with fertilizer N (C:N 6.6). A significant negative correlation was found between cattle manure organic C:N ratio and N mineralization. Overall, the manures showed limited release of available N over the short-term (67 d) when the organic C:N ratio was in the range of 13–15 and tended to decrease N availability in the short-term if the organic C:N ratio was over 15. The C:N ratio appears to be a useful parameter to measure when attempting to predict the effects of solid manure amendments on short-term N availability. Key words: Nitrogen availability, mineralization, manure, C:N ratio, anion exchange membrane

Assessing soil nitrogen availability in contrasting cropping systems at the end of transition to organic production

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Liu ◽  
A. M. Hammermeister ◽  
P. R. Warman ◽  
C. F. Drury ◽  
R. C. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Soil Nitrogen Availability

Liu, K., Hammermeister, A. M., Warman, P. R., Drury, C. F. and Martin, R. C. 2011. Assessing soil nitrogen availability in contrasting cropping systems at the end of transition to organic production. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 493–501. Quantifying soil nitrogen (N) availability at the end of a transition period for converting conventional fields to organic fields could enhance N management during the subsequent organic crop production phase. Soil total N (Ntot), KCl extractable N (KCl N) and potentially mineralizable N (No) were determined at the end of a 3-yr transition period. A complementary greenhouse ryegrass N bioassay was conducted using soils collected from the treated field plots. The field experiment consisted of six cropping systems comprising two N inputs (legume-based vs. manure-based) and three forage cropping treatments (0, 1 or 2 yr of forage in 4-yr rotations). The N input treatments consisted of alfalfa meal in the legume-based cropping system (LBCS) and composted beef manure in the manure-based cropping system (MBCS). Orthogonal contrasts suggested no differences in Ntot or KCl N either between LBCS and MBCS or between no-forage and forage cropping systems. However, in the greenhouse study, high cumulative N inputs in the MBCS resulted in significantly higher ryegrass N uptake and potentially mineralizable soil N than in the LBCS. Ryegrass N uptake ranged from 101 to 139 kg ha−1, which should be an adequate N supply for the succeeding potato crop. In the greenhouse, a ryegrass N bioassay effectively identified the differences in soil N availability. Ryegrass N uptake was linearly related to cumulative soil amendment N inputs but had no apparent relationship with N o. A systems approach provided a good assessment of N availability at the end of the transition period to organic production.

scholarly journals Root, soil water and nitrogen dynamics in a catch crop - soil system in the Wageningen Rhizolab

1998 ◽  
pp. 267-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Van Dam ◽  
P.A. Leffelaar
Keyword(s):  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Dynamics ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Catch Crops ◽  
Soil System ◽  
N Concentration

Catch crops (winter rye [Secale cereale] and fodder radish [Raphanus sativus]) were grown on lysimeters with rhizotron facilities in Wageningen, Netherlands, from September-March (1993-94) and August-March (1994-95) in order to study root growth and water and nitrogen dynamics under different regimes of irrigation and N supply. Catch crops took up 20-30 g N/msuperscript 2, of which 37-48% was present in dead leaves in March. Rooting depth increased by 2.6 cm/day for both species at the start of the growing season. Catch cropping reduced the NO-3-N concentration in the soil considerably, initially in the top layers and then further down the soil profile. The reduction in total leached N was similar to the total crop N uptake. Nitrate-N concentrations in leached water were reduced by 49-85 mg/litre (62-99%), depending upon N availability and irrigation. Due to catch cropping the NO-3-N concentration in the percolate decreased with increasing irrigation (or precipitation), whereas the amount of N leached increased with irrigation. Evapotranspiration from a catch cropped soil was close to the potential evapotranspiration under optimal growth conditions.

scholarly journals Nitrogen availability effects on gas exchange measurements in field-grown maize (Zea mays L.) under irrigated Mediterranean conditions

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. e0806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramón Isla ◽  
Mónica Guillén ◽  
Montserrat Salmerón
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Content ◽  
Total N ◽  
Available N ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Leaf N

There are limited studies about the effect of nitrogen (N) deficiency on leaf growth, N status, and photosynthetic capacity of maize grown under field conditions in a Mediterranean climate. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different levels of mineral N availability on leaf gas exchange parameters of sprinkler irrigated maize. The experiment was conducted in a conventional maize field located in the central part of the Ebro valley (Spain) during two seasons. Using a portable LICOR-6400 equipment, instantaneous measurements and light response curves to gas exchange were conducted in plots with different levels of N supply ranging from deficient (no fertilized) to over-fertilized (300 kg N/ha). In addition to gas exchange measurements, mineral soil N content, chlorophyll meter readings (CMR), leaf N content, and grain yield were measured in the different plots. Results showed that grain yield reached a plateau (14.5 Mg/ha) when the mineral N available was about 179 kg/ha. CMR were linearly and highly related to total N in ear leaves. The relationship between light-saturated leaf photosynthesis measurements and CMR was significant but very weak (R2=0.13) at V8 and V14 stages but increased later in the growing season (R2=0.52). Plants with intermediate levels of N supply (48<CMR<54) tended to have slightly higher assimilation rates than plants with higher CMR readings. As the available N increased, the saturation point, the light compensation point and significant increases of dark respiration rate were observed. Under the conditions of the study, leaf N contents of 1.9% in the ear leaf were enough to maximize leaf assimilation rates with no need to over-fertilize the maize crop.

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