Ractopamine increases glucose turnover without affecting lipogenesis in the pig

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Dunshea ◽  
B. J. Leur ◽  
A. J. Tilbrook ◽  
R. H. King
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Glucose Turnover ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Protein ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Crossbred Pigs ◽  
Daily Gain

The β-agonist ractopamine (RAC) promotes protein deposition with little effect on fat deposition in the pig. The present study was conducted to assess whether the lack of effect on fat deposition was due to a lack of effect of ractopamine on lipogenesis. Twenty crossbred pigs (initial liveweight 80 kg) surgically prepared with cephalic vein catheters were used in a 2×2 factorial experiment with the respective factors being sex (boar or gilt) and dietary RAC (0 or 20 mg/kg of ractopamine.HCl). Pigs were offered 3·0 kg/day of their respective diets for 24 days. On Day 4 and 23 of the experiment, pigs were injected with [U- 14C]-glucose and serial blood samples taken to determine glucose turnover. Adipose tissue biopsies were taken 240 min after injection of labelled glucose and lipogenesis was estimated from the incorporation of 14C into adipose tissue lipid. Dietary RAC increased average daily gain (P < 0·050), and average growth rate was greater in boars than in gilts (P < 0·050). Dietary RAC increased glucose turnover by 24%, presumably to support the increased skeletal muscle protein deposition that occurs during dietary RAC treatment. There was no effect of dietary RAC on the rate of lipogenesis in adipose tissue, which is consistent with the lack of effect of dietary RAC on the rate of fat deposition. β-agonist, adipose tissue.

Interrelationships between dietary ractopamine,energy intake, and sex in pigs

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 565 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Dunshea ◽  
P. J. Eason ◽  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
R. H. King
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Crossbred Pigs ◽  
Daily Gain

A major constraint to protein deposition in the pig is energy intake. Ractopamine (RAC) isa b-agonist which has been shown to increase protein deposition under both ad libitum and restrictive feeding regimes. To assess the interactions between energy intake, sex, and dietary RAC, 104 crossbred pigs (52 boars and 52 gilts) were used in a slaughter-balance experiment conducted over the growth phase of 60-90 kg liveweight. To obtain initial body composition, 4 pigs of each sex were slaughtered at 60 kg. The remaining 96 pigs were allocated to a 2 6 2 factorial experiment. The respective factors were sex (boar or gilt), dietary digestible energy (DE) intake (21·2, 24·7, 28·2, 32·7, 36·7MJ DE/day and ad libitum), and dietary RAC (0 and 20 mg/kg of ractopamine.HCl). Average daily gain increased with DE intake and was faster for boars than gilts. Dietary RAC increased averagedaily gain in both boars and gilts independent of DE intake. Neither dietary RAC nor sex had any effect on ad libitum feed intakes while effects on feed : gain ratio reciprocated growth rates. Protein deposition increased with DE intake and was higher in boars than in gilts. Although protein deposition was increased by dietary RAC in both boars and gilts across the range of DE intakes investigated,ad libitum feed intakes were necessary to maximise protein deposition. Fat deposition increased with DE intake and was greater in gilts than in boars. Whereas dietary RAC had no effect on the rateof fat deposition or backfat depths, the fat content of the empty body was lower due to increased protein deposition and lower fat : protein ratio. Dietary RAC improves growth performance and carcass composition in both boars and gilts independent of DE intake. However, ad libitum feed intakes maybe necessary if responses are to be maximised.

scholarly journals Influence guanidinoacetic acid on the growth of young animals quails meat direction of productivity

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sychov ◽  
H. Pryumak
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Absolute Increase ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Guanidinoacetic Acid ◽  
Relative Gains ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Different Levels

The effect of using different levels guanidinoacetic acid in compound feeds on the growth of young quails meat direction of productivity. It is proved that adding to the basic diet of different levels guanidinoacetic acid (0.06, 0.12, 0.18 %) increases live weight of quails on 3.9 – 13.5 g and improves the absolute, average daily and relative gains compared to a bird in the control group, which were fed the main diet. The data show that at the age of 42 days of live weight was the highest in the diet of quail which was administered 0.12% GAA and dominant control of 13.5 g However, in 21 days live weight of quail fed 0.06 and 0.12 % guanidinoacetic acid was greater than control respectively 9.2 and 7.6 grams (P < 0.01). In absolute increments quail, fed GAA prevailed bird control group. The largest absolute increase was in birds that consumed the main diet of GAA level of 0.12% and prevailed controls 6.5 g (P < 0.001). A similar situation was of average daily gain. Young animals that received feed containing 0.12% guanidinoacetic acid had the highest average growth, which exceeded 0.9 g (15.5%) bird control group. As for the relative performance increases here were different. The lowest relative growth observed in birds which were administered GAA 0.06%, it lagged behind the controls 0.1 g in the same period quail treated with 0.12 and 0, 18% guanidinoacetic acid superior control respectively 2 and 1.1 g.

Temporary lysine restriction in newly weaned pigs does not affect carcass and loin quality at slaughter

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 368-380
Author(s):  
Adam D. Totafurno ◽  
Lee-Anne Huber ◽  
Wilfredo D. Mansilla ◽  
Cornelis F.M. de Lange ◽  
Ira B. Mandell
Keyword(s):  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Grower Diet

Two hundred and forty weaned pigs [initial body weight (BW) 7.2 ± 0.07 kg] were allocated to three diets (eight pens per treatment, 10 pigs per pen) to determine the effects of a temporary lysine (Lys) restriction on subsequent growth, body composition, as well as carcass and loin quality at slaughter. For a 3 wk restriction period, pigs were fed diets that were 110% (control), 20% (Lys20), or 40% (Lys40) below estimated Lys requirements. Thereafter, all pigs were fed a common grower diet containing 120% of the estimated Lys requirement for 6 wk (recovery period) and commercial diets until slaughter at ∼125 kg BW. During the restriction period, average daily gain, gain-to-feed ratio, and whole body protein deposition decreased (linear; P < 0.01), while whole body lipid deposition increased (linear; P < 0.001) with decreased dietary Lys concentrations. At the end of the recovery period, there were no differences in BW, although whole body protein concentration tended to decrease and lipid concentration tended to increase (linear; P = 0.07 and 0.06, respectively) with decreased dietary Lys concentrations. At ∼125 kg, there were no differences in BW, chemical composition, or carcass and loin quality. Compensatory growth was achieved by ∼125 kg BW after a 3 wk Lys restriction for newly weaned pigs without negatively impacting carcass and loin quality.

Metabolic and production responses to different porcine somatotropin injection regimes in pigs

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 785 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Dunshea
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Daily Injection ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Porcine Somatotropin ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
Crossbred Pigs

Thirty-two female crossbred pigs (initial weight 75 kg) were used in this experiment to investigate the effect of differing porcine somatotropin (pST) regimes on growth performance. Pigs were kept in individual pens and fed ad libitum a wheat-based diet formulated to contain 14.4 MJ DE/kg and 180 g ideal protein/kg. Treatments were daily injection with saline (Sal), daily injection with pST (5 mg) (D), bi-daily injection with pST (10 mg) (2D), and injection with pST (12 mg) every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday (MWF). On the days that pigs were not receiving pST they were injected with saline (0.5 mL). All pST regimes caused a reduction (P < 0.001) in feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR), although there was no significant effect on average daily gain. Feed intake decreased after the first injection and, for the D group, remained low and constant. Feed intake for the 2D group was also reduced but not to as great an extent as for the D group. Feed intake in the MWF group showed a clear temporal response, being low during the week but increasing over the latter part of the weekend. Thus, feed intake from Sunday until Monday mornings was 400 g greater (P < 0.001) than from Saturday until Sunday mornings. Therefore, it appears that the effects of pST on feed intake may be reduced when a 3-day interval is used between injections. Back fat was significantly reduced with all pST injection regimes, whereas estimated fat deposition was only significantly reduced in the D and 2D pigs. Plasma urea nitrogen was increased, whereas glucose was decreased during pST administration and the average concentrations of both metabolites during the first week of administration were strongly related (P < 0.001) to FCR over the full 3 weeks of the study (R = 0.733 and -0.683, respectively). Although daily injection with pST appears to give the greatest reduction in feed intake and fat deposition, an alternative pST injection regime involving less frequent pST injections can also improve growth performance similarly in finisher pigs.

EFFECTS OF VITAMIN B12 ON PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS TRAITS OF PIGS FED DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH PROPIONIC ACID OR CALCIUM PROPIONATE

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 775-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. THACKER ◽  
J. P. BOWLAND
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Fa Composition ◽  
Calcium Propionate ◽  
Crossbred Pigs ◽  
Daily Gain

Effects of vitamin B12 supplementation of diets containing propionic acid (PA) or calcium propionate (CP) on average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion efficiency (FCE), backfat measurements and fatty acid (FA) composition, were studied utilizing 80 crossbred pigs averaging 22.5 kg. Diets based on barley-soybean meal, containing 0, 3.5 or 7% PA or CP were fed with and without the addition of 4.95 mg of vitamin B12 per kg of diet. The addition of PA depressed average daily feed(ADF) intake, while CP had no effect. ADG was reduced when either 7% PA or CP was fed, but ADG was slightly improved when 3.5% PA or CP was fed. FCE was improved when 3.5 or 7% PA or 3.5% CP was fed, but 7% CP depressed FCE. Vitamin B12 supplementation slightly improved the ADG and FCE of pigs fed CP, but had no effect on pigs fed PA. None of these differences was significant at the 5% level. Addition of CP significantly reduced the thickness of carcass backfat in treated pigs. Supplementation with vitamin B12 eliminated this reduction. A similar, though non-significant, trend was observed with PA. Pigs fed 7% PA or CP had significantly higher levels of odd-chain FA 17:0 and 17:1 in carcass back fat. Addition of vitamin B12 mollified this effect. In addition, vitamin B12 supplementation of PA-treated pigs significantly increased the levels of the unsaturated FA 18:2 and 18:3.

scholarly journals Amino acid requirements of pigs. 1. Requirements for methionine + cystine, threonine and tryptophan of fast-growing boars and gilts, fed ad libitum.

1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (3B) ◽  
pp. 577-595
Author(s):  
N.P. Lenis ◽  
J.T.M. van Diepen ◽  
P.W. Goedhart
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feeding Experiment ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Crossbred Pigs ◽  
Daily Gain

In 3 experiments each of 4 treatments, crossbred pigs about 35 kg were given basal diets with a low concentration of 1 amino acid and DL methionine 0, 0.41 or 0.82 and 1.23, L-threonine 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 and DL-tryptophan 0, 0.31, 0.62 and 0.93 g/kg. Apparent faecal digestibility of organic matter, protein and amino acids of 1 or 2 diets from each feeding experiment was estimated with 4 pigs each. Average daily gain of the optimally supplemented groups was 875 g and feed conversion ratio 2.84. For maximum growth performance of pigs between 35 and 105 kg, the requirement for total methionine + cystine, threonine and tryptophan, relative to total lysine supply, was about 60, 66 and 19%, respectively. On a faecal digestible basis, requirements were about 58, 63 and 19%, relative to faecal digestible lysine, respectively. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Response of skeletal muscle protein synthesis to insulin in suckling pigs decreases with development

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (4) ◽  
pp. E602-E609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane Wray-Cahen ◽  
Hanh V. Nguyen ◽  
Douglas G. Burrin ◽  
Philip R. Beckett ◽  
Marta L. Fiorotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Protein ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Elevated Rate

The elevated rate of muscle protein deposition in the neonate is largely due to an enhanced stimulation of skeletal muscle protein synthesis by feeding. To examine the role of insulin in this response, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic-amino acid clamps were performed in 7- and 26-day-old pigs. Pigs were infused with 0, 30, 100, or 1,000 ng ⋅ kg−0.66 ⋅ min−1of insulin to mimic the plasma insulin levels observed under fasted, fed, refed, and supraphysiological conditions, respectively. Whole body amino acid disposal was determined from the rate of infusion of an amino acid mixture necessary to maintain plasma essential amino acid concentrations near their basal fasting levels. A flooding dose ofl-[4-3H]phenylalanine was used to measure skeletal muscle protein synthesis. Whole body amino acid disposal increased progressively as the insulin infusion rate increased, and this response was greater in 7- than in 26-day-old pigs. Skeletal muscle protein synthesis was stimulated by insulin, and this response was maximal at a low insulin infusion rate (30 ng ⋅ kg−0.66 ⋅ min−1). The stimulation of muscle protein synthesis by insulin was also greater in 7- than in 26- day-old pigs. These data suggest that muscle protein synthesis is more sensitive to insulin than whole body amino acid disposal. The results further suggest that insulin is a central regulatory factor in the elevated rate of muscle protein deposition and the increased response of skeletal muscle protein synthesis to feeding in the neonate.

EFFECTS OF VITAMIN E OR ETHOXYQUIN AND RUMEN DEVELOPMENT UPON MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY IN LAMBS

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. deMILLE ◽  
J. G. BUCHANAN-SMITH ◽  
R. B. MILLER
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Trial Period ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase ◽  
Torula Yeast ◽  
Rumen Development ◽  
Daily Gain

In a 2 × 3 factorial procedure, torula yeast-lard (10%) diets supplemented with either vitamin E (68 IU/kg) or ethoxyquin (0.01 or 0.1%) were fed to 27 1-week-old crossbred lambs to promote or prevent rumen development. After a 12-week trial period, myopathy was apparent in 100, 25, and 0% of lambs fed diets supplemented with ethoxyquin (0.01, 0.1%) or vitamin E, respectively. Seven lambs died prematurely but only one of these deaths was attributed to myopathy. Rumen development did not affect the occurrence of myopathy but reduced (P < 0.05) the elevation of plasma glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) in myopathic lambs during the trial. Vitamin E improved (P < 0.05) average daily gain of lambs (mean 142.0 g) compared with 0.01% ethoxyquin (0.1% ethoxyquin intermediate) and rumen development had no apparent effect. Tissue ethoxyquin levels reflected amounts fed and were unaffected by rumen development. Rumen development generally reduced the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in muscle phospholipids and adipose tissue, whereas vitamin E or ethoxyquin specifically affected linoleic acid.

scholarly journals Production and slaughter performance of ostriches fed full-fat canola seed

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 779-799
Author(s):  
G.J. Niemann ◽  
T.S. Brand ◽  
L.C. Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
The Other ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Canola Seed ◽  
Fat Pad ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Daily Gain

Full-fat canola seed (FFCS) is a locally produced alternative protein source that has potential for inclusion in the diet of ostriches. Chicks aged 84 days and weighing 24.7 ± 0.36 kg were fed five iso-nutritional diets with varying levels of FFCS. Birds were fed until slaughter at 309 days old (93.2 ± 1.82 kg). In each feeding phase, FFCS replaced soybean oilcake meal incrementally (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of protein source). Dry matter intake (DMI) during the grower phase was lowest (1.52 kg/bird/day) for the 100%FFCS diet. Birds on the 100%FFCS also showed a 34% slower growth rate (average daily gain of 152.0 g/bird/day) compared to the other four diets (average growth rate of 230 g/bird/day) during the grower phase. The 0%FFCS (236.2 g/bird/day) and 50%FFCS (267.8 g/bird/day) diets resulted in a higher ADG. End weights during the grower phase for 0%FFCS, 25%FFCS, 50%FFCS and 75%FFCS (74.8, 72.2, 76.8, and 72.5 kg, respectively) did not differ significantly. The 100%FFCS resulted in a lower end weight (67.4 kg) for the growth phase, when compared to the 0%FFCS and 50%FFCS diets. For the overall trial period, the only differences were in ADG, with the 0%, 50% and 75%FFCS replacement diets showing the fastest growth. Fat pad weight was the only slaughter trait that revealed differences between diets, with 50%FFCS resulting in the heaviest fat pad weight. A maximum of 20.6% inclusion of FFCS should be used in diets in the grower phase, although in the other phases, FFCS could be included up to the maximum level evaluated (100% replacement of soybean oilcake meal) without detrimental effects on production parameters.Keywords: Average daily gain, Brassica napus, dressing percentage, dry matter intake, feed conversion ratio, glucosinolates, Struthio camelus

scholarly journals STRESS-RESISTANT OF PUREBRED AND CROSSBRED PIGS OF DIFFERENT BRED COMBINATIONS

2022 ◽  
pp. 88-96
Author(s):  
V. A. Bekenev ◽  
V. I. Frolova ◽  
I. V. Bolshakova ◽  
Yu. V. Frolova ◽  
V. S. Deeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Group ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Breeding Group ◽  
Weanling Piglets ◽  
Cortisol Levels ◽  
Crossbred Pigs ◽  
Daily Gain

   The authors presented the results of experimental studies on the stress-resistant of pigs. The first group is a breed created in Sapphire Ltd. This breed is a breeding group (BG) in purebred breeding and their mixtures in two- and three-breed combinations with Landrace (L) and Duroc (D) boars under conditions of industrial farm technology in Siberia. Two methods assessed stress-resistant of piglets of different breed groups. The first method is “weaning crisis”. The second method is a com-parison of cortisol levels in the blood. Three-breed weanling piglets (SGxL)xD turned out to be the most stress-sensitive. Stress-resistant piglets had an effect on their growth during the rearing period. During this period, stress-resistant animals of all breed combinations had higher average daily gain than stress-sensitive animals (P < 0.001). Stress-resistant animals of the breeding group (SG) showed an average daily growth of 547.5 g during the fattening period. Also, the stress-resistant animals of the breeding group reliably surpassed the stress-sensitive pigs by 461.4 g (P < 0.01), the two-breed pigs by 455.9 g and 404.7 g and the three-breed pigs 451.8 g and 419.2 g, respectively. There was a statistically significant advantage in the indices of the average daily gain among the purebred young-sters of the breeding group (SG) (543 g) compared to the two-breed pigs (447g) and the three-breed pigs (402g), i. e., by 17.8 % and 26 % at P < 0.001. The authors found that the EAAcr/- genotype in stress-sensitive pigs was more common than EAA-/(0.71 ± 0.07 vs 0.48 ± 0.09). Stress-resistant pigs of the breeding group (SG) with EAE edg/edf blood group genotypes were characterized by increased growth intensity and reliable superiority over stress-sensitive pigs. The authors believe that these genotypes can be accepted as preliminary candidates for genetic markers of stress resistant. Blood cortisol levels appeared to be unrelated to stress-resistant compared to the “weaning crisis” method. This relationship (blood cortisol level with stress-resistant) applies to all studied breed combinations, both individually and as a whole.

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