New Forests

Author(s):  
Sadanandan Nambiar ◽  
Ian Ferguson

There is no question that the timber industry needs to adopt sustainable practices that ensure a future for the industry. This book goes well beyond simply growing commercial tree plantations for wood production. It explores new forests that can supply environmental services such as salinity mitigation and carbon sequestration together with commercial wood production in an environment beyond the boundaries of traditional forestry. New Forests targets agricultural landscapes affected by salinity and which generally have rainfall less than 650 mm per year. The book addresses vital issues such as where tree planting might best be pursued, what species and technologies should be used for establishment and later management, how productivity can be improved, what mix of environmental services and commercial goods is optimum, and whether the likely net benefits justify the change in land use and requisite investment. While the book is focussed on the low-rainfall, agricultural, inland zone of the Murray-Darling Basin wherever possible the scope of most chapters has been expanded to synthesise generic information applicable to other regions in Australia and elsewhere. The authors provide a comprehensive account of all the issues relevant to the development of these new forests, covering soils, the bio-physical environment, water use and irrigation strategies - including the use of wastewater, silviculture, pests and diseases, wood quality and products, and economics and policy implications.

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo G. César ◽  
Vanessa S. Moreno ◽  
Gabriel D. Coletta ◽  
Robin L. Chazdon ◽  
Silvio F. B. Ferraz ◽  
...  

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan S. Sánchez-Oliver ◽  
José M. Rey Benayas ◽  
Luis M. L.M. Carrascal

Afforestation programs such as the one promoted by the EU Common Agricultural Policy have spread tree plantations on former cropland. These afforestations attract generalist forest and ubiquitous species but may cause severe damage to open habitat species, especially birds of high conservation value. We investigated the effects of young (< 20 yr) tree plantations dominated by pine P. halepensis on bird communities inhabiting the adjacent open farmland habitat in central Spain. We hypothesize that pine plantations with larger surface, and areas at shorter distances from plantations, would result in lower bird species richness and conservation value of open farmland birds. Regression models controlling for the influence of land use types around plantations revealed significant positive effects of distance to pine plantation edge on community species richness in winter, and negative effects on an index of conservation concern (SPEC) during the breeding season. However, plantation area did not have any effect on species richness or community conservation value. Our results indicate that pine afforestation of Mediterranean cropland in heterogeneous agricultural landscapes has an overall low detrimental effect on bird species that are characteristic of open farmland habitat.


Author(s):  
Evi Irawan

Integrating perennial plant, such as Falcataria moluccana, in farming system can provide economic and environmental benefits, especially in marginal areas. Indonesian governments at all levels have been employing a number of efforts to speed-up adoption of tree planting on farm.  However, the establishment of farm forestry on private land in Indonesia, especially in Java, is widely varied.  While the farm forestry in some locations has been well adopted, the farmers or land users in other location are reluctant to adopt them, although the traits of farmers and farm land in both locations are similar. Most adoption studies have employed cross-sectional data in a static discrete choice modeling framework to analyze why some farmers adopt at a certain point in time.  The static approach does not consider the dynamic environment in which the adoption decision is made and thus does not incorporate speed of adoption.  The information of adoption speed of an innovation is important in designing extension policies as well as reengineering innovations in order to align with socio-economic conditions of the farmers.  Based on data from a survey of a random sample of 117 smallholder households in Wonosobo Regency, Central Java, Indonesia, this study investigated determinants of time to adoption of farm forestry using duration analysis. Results revealed that factors that accelerate the adoption varied include age of household head, level of education of household head, off-farm employment and output price. Older farmers tend to adopt faster than the younger farmers. The other interesting findings are that off-farm employment and membership to farmers group are two most influential factors in speeding-up adoption of Falcataria-based farm forestry. The policy implications of this research are that government should design policies that promote farmers’ participation in off-farm income activities and strengthening farmer groups in addition to extension services and timber markets. 


2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 406-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Štefančík ◽  
M. Bošeľa

The issues related to appropriate management methods of beech stands have been considered as a crucial topic from the past up to now. Although the positive effect of tending on wood quality in beech stands is a generally known fact, the results from long-term experiments are very scarce. We investigated the qualitative production of beech forests, treated by different thinning methods during a long-term period of 53 years. For this purpose two long-term (lasting 53 years with a measurement interval of 5 years) series of research plots were used. On each plot three different thinning methods were applied: i) heavy thinning from below (C-grade according to the German forestry research institutes in 1902), ii) free crown thinning (original thinning method developed in Slovak Republic), and iii) control plot (without treatments). As much as 6,316 trees at the beginning of research and 864 trees at the last measurement were assessed and measured. Chi-squared test was used to quantify the effect of different thinning methods on qualitative wood production. The results showed the highest proportion of target trees, as well as the best average quality of the stem and crown on plots where the free crown thinning was applied followed by the plots with heavy thinning from below and control ones. We found that the proportion (expressed out of the total growing stock of crop trees) of veneers was the highest on plots managed by the free crown thinning (30 and 36%) and the lowest on control (unthinned) plots (10 and 19%). It is concluded that no significant differences between the two studied sites were found, which demonstrates a similar effect of the investigated thinning methods at different places across the region of Slovak Republic, but with similar site conditions. On the other hand, the most appropriate and hence successful thinning method was proved to be the free crown thinning, which is also recommended for management of beech forests from the aspect of silvicultural wood quality.  


Forests ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 2655-2677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Etongo ◽  
Ida Djenontin ◽  
Markku Kanninen ◽  
Kalame Fobissie

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Muhammad Fauzi Sutopo ◽  
Bunasor Sanim ◽  
Yusman Saukat ◽  
Muhammad Ikhwanuddin Mawardi

Ecocentrism paradigm in development are intended to ensure the sustainability of water resources in the future for future generations. The research methodology was conducted with the model approach to drinking water users willingness to pay for environmental services (YWTP). The results in Analysis Willingness to Pay in Drinking Water Management in the Upstream Watershed Cisadane illustrates that the existence of a positive response from drinking water users (entrepreneurs) to be willingness to pay for environmental services (YWTP) as payment and reward for environmental services to the public because it is influenced by the presence and the beneficiaries are significantly linearly with level of education (sig. 0.041) and Variable in YWTP education significant at 95% confidence level. Policy implications of this research that the user (downstream) is willingness to pay (WTP) for environmental services with averaging Rp1 538.65 per m3 as payment or reward for environmental services to society (upstream), so the Government (Local) PES has a potential revenue to fund conservation of Rp106.94 billion per years, but in current conditions the government only earns Rp20.57 billionper year, so that only reached 19.24%.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Fagan ◽  
Do-Hyung Kim ◽  
Wesley Settle ◽  
Lexie Ferry ◽  
Justin Drew ◽  
...  

Abstract Across the tropics, recent agricultural shifts have led to a rapid expansion of tree plantations, often into intact forest and grassland habitats. However, this expansion is poorly characterized. Here we report tropical tree plantation expansion between 2000 and 2012, based on classifying nearly 7 million unique patches of observed tree cover gain using optical and radar satellite imagery. Most observed gain patches (69.2%) consisted of small patches of natural regrowth (5.9 ± 0.2 Mha). However, expansion of tree plantations dominated observed increases in tree cover across the tropics (11.8 ± 0.2 Mha) with 92% of plantation expansion occurring in biodiversity hotspots and 14% in arid biomes. We estimate that tree plantations expanded into 9.2% of accessible protected areas across the humid tropics, most frequently in southeast Asia, west Africa, and Brazil. Given international tree planting commitments, it is critical to understand how future tree plantation expansion will affect remaining natural ecosystems. One Sentence Summary: Tree plantations dominated recent expansions of tropical tree cover, including into 9% of accessible parks in the humid tropics.


Author(s):  
Ivany Gresya Saragih ◽  
Made Sudiana Mahendra ◽  
I Made Sudarma

Eden 100 Forest Park is an ecotourism area that has the potential of natural resources that can be used as tourist attractions. Forest Park Eden 100 also provides environmental services such as hydrological forest services, forest services as carbon sinks, and forest services in producing timber and non-timber goods. This study aims to find out what environmental services are provided by the Eden 100 forest and to analyze the economic value of environmental services and the obstacles and challenges faced by managers in efforts to preserve forest ecosystems. The results showed that the Eden 100 Forest Park provides environmental services in the form of direct use environmental services, namely wood production with economic value of the economic value of wood production of Rp 7,822,633,800 and non-wood (fruits) of Rp 25,500,000, non-use value directly in the form of natural landscapes (ecotourism) whose value is calculated using the travel cost method (TCM) and a yield of Rp 1,164,181,800 is obtained, non-use value in the form of existence services whose economic value is calculated using the contingent valuation method (CVM) of Rp.60,158,120 , as a carbon sink value which is calculated using the allometric method, and a yield of Rp. 18,161,220,000 is obtained. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the total economic value of the Eden 100 Forest is Rp. 27,233,693,720. This proves that the existence of the Eden 100 forest is a very big economic benefit if its sustainability is maintained because it can absorb carbon which gives a great economic value. Efforts to manage and preserve Eden Forest Park 100 as a tourist attraction have been carried out in an integrated manner with the government, private sector and local communities, but need to be increased so that forests can provide environmental services in a sustainable manner.


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