Early ecological outcomes of natural regeneration and tree plantations for restoring agricultural landscapes

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo G. César ◽  
Vanessa S. Moreno ◽  
Gabriel D. Coletta ◽  
Robin L. Chazdon ◽  
Silvio F. B. Ferraz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Tree Plantations

scholarly journals Low effect on open-farmland birds of young afforestations in heterogeneous Mediterranean croplands

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan S. Sánchez-Oliver ◽  
José M. Rey Benayas ◽  
Luis M. L.M. Carrascal
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Tree Plantations ◽  
Conservation Value ◽  
Farmland Birds ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Bird Species Richness ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The One

Afforestation programs such as the one promoted by the EU Common Agricultural Policy have spread tree plantations on former cropland. These afforestations attract generalist forest and ubiquitous species but may cause severe damage to open habitat species, especially birds of high conservation value. We investigated the effects of young (< 20 yr) tree plantations dominated by pine P. halepensis on bird communities inhabiting the adjacent open farmland habitat in central Spain. We hypothesize that pine plantations with larger surface, and areas at shorter distances from plantations, would result in lower bird species richness and conservation value of open farmland birds. Regression models controlling for the influence of land use types around plantations revealed significant positive effects of distance to pine plantation edge on community species richness in winter, and negative effects on an index of conservation concern (SPEC) during the breeding season. However, plantation area did not have any effect on species richness or community conservation value. Our results indicate that pine afforestation of Mediterranean cropland in heterogeneous agricultural landscapes has an overall low detrimental effect on bird species that are characteristic of open farmland habitat.

scholarly journals Natural regeneration in exotic tree plantations in Hong Kong, China

2005 ◽  
Vol 212 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 358-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsa W.S. Lee ◽  
Billy C.H. Hau ◽  
Richard T. Corlett
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Tree Plantations ◽  
Exotic Tree

scholarly journals Carbon farming via assisted natural regeneration as a cost-effective mechanism for restoring biodiversity in agricultural landscapes

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 114-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan C. Evans ◽  
Josie Carwardine ◽  
Rod J. Fensham ◽  
Don W. Butler ◽  
Kerrie A. Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Effective Mechanism

Getting trees on farms the easy way? Lessons from a model of eucalypt regeneration on pastures

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. Vesk ◽  
Josh W. Dorrough
Keyword(s):  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Seed Supply ◽  
Management Interventions ◽  
Early Seedling

Substantial revegetation is required across much of Australian agricultural landscapes. Managers need to minimise the risks of failure and costs associated with revegetation. Whereas ‘natural regeneration’ of eucalypts is relatively cheap compared with direct seeding or planting tubes, natural regeneration in grazed lands occurs infrequently and under limited circumstances. Management needs to understand the situations in which natural regeneration is most likely to occur and what actions can improve the chances of regeneration. We used a rule- and stage-based model of eucalypt regeneration focusing on events between seed supply and sapling escape to synthesise current knowledge and learn how to improve the success rate of natural regeneration of eucalypts. The model used deterministic rules but with stochastic rainfall, and fire was applied stochastically as well as deterministically. Results from simulations suggested that low-productivity pastures have greater likelihood of supporting saplings than do high-productivity pastures. Fire and grazing can increase the chances of subsequent germination and early seedling survival, particularly in high-productivity pastures. As a result, management actions, such as fire and strategic grazing, can improve the probability of sapling establishment in a high-productivity pasture; however, frequency and timing of management actions are important. The following three sources of uncertainty appear crucial: first, variability in rainfall; second, uncertainty about rainfall effects on stage transitions; and third, variability in seed supply. These uncertainties can overwhelm improvements to the chances of regeneration owing to management interventions. Because rainfall and seed supply have overwhelming effects on the process of regeneration, they limit the ability of managers to influence the outcomes and this makes investment in natural regeneration inherently risky. Thus, better data are needed on the effect of rainfall on stage transitions and on spatial and temporal variation in seed supply. This would aid managers to estimate the likelihood of success of regeneration, and make decisions about if, when and where to invest in natural regeneration and what actions to implement.

New Forests

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadanandan Nambiar ◽  
Ian Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Wood Quality ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Tree Plantations ◽  
Environmental Services ◽  
Wood Production ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Murray Darling Basin ◽  
Industry Needs

There is no question that the timber industry needs to adopt sustainable practices that ensure a future for the industry. This book goes well beyond simply growing commercial tree plantations for wood production. It explores new forests that can supply environmental services such as salinity mitigation and carbon sequestration together with commercial wood production in an environment beyond the boundaries of traditional forestry. New Forests targets agricultural landscapes affected by salinity and which generally have rainfall less than 650 mm per year. The book addresses vital issues such as where tree planting might best be pursued, what species and technologies should be used for establishment and later management, how productivity can be improved, what mix of environmental services and commercial goods is optimum, and whether the likely net benefits justify the change in land use and requisite investment. While the book is focussed on the low-rainfall, agricultural, inland zone of the Murray-Darling Basin wherever possible the scope of most chapters has been expanded to synthesise generic information applicable to other regions in Australia and elsewhere. The authors provide a comprehensive account of all the issues relevant to the development of these new forests, covering soils, the bio-physical environment, water use and irrigation strategies - including the use of wastewater, silviculture, pests and diseases, wood quality and products, and economics and policy implications.

scholarly journals Low effect of young afforestations on bird communities inhabiting heterogeneous Mediterranean cropland

PeerJ ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. e1453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan S. Sánchez-Oliver ◽  
José M. Rey Benayas ◽  
Luis M. Carrascal
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Bird Communities ◽  
Tree Plantations ◽  
Conservation Value ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
High Conservation ◽  
Conservation Concern ◽  
The One

Afforestation programs such as the one promoted by the EU Common Agricultural Policy have spread tree plantations on former cropland. These afforestations attract generalist forest and ubiquitous species but may cause severe damage to open habitat species, especially birds of high conservation value. We investigated the effects of young (<20 yr) tree plantations dominated by pineP. halepensison bird communities inhabiting the adjacent open farmland habitat in central Spain. We hypothesize that pine plantations located at shorter distances from open fields and with larger surface would affect species richness and conservation value of bird communities. Regression models controlling for the influence of land use types around plantations revealed positive effects of higher distance to pine plantation edge on community species richness in winter, and negative effects on an index of conservation concern (SPEC) during the breeding season. However, plantation area did not have any effect on species richness or community conservation value. Our results indicate that the effects of pine afforestation on bird communities inhabiting Mediterranean cropland are diluted by heterogeneous agricultural landscapes.

scholarly journals Phyllosticta multicorniculata on Abies spp. in the Northeastern U.S.

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. G. Wenner ◽  
W. Merrill
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Species Description ◽  
Tree Plantations ◽  
Christmas Tree ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Northeastern North America ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Needle Blight

Several needle blight fungi affect natural regeneration and Christmas tree plantations of Abies spp. in northeastern North America. Of these, Phyllosticta multicorniculata Bissett & Palm has been reported from A. balsamea (L.) Mill. in Ontario and Prince Edward Island, and from A. concolor (Gordon & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr. in Wisconsin (1). In Quebec, P. multicorniculata was reported as an endophyte on symptomless needles of A. balsamea (2). In 1994, we collected this fungus in Grafton County, NH, defoliating lower branches of A. balsamea Christmas trees. In July and August 1996, we examined infected A. concolor Christmas trees in Lamoille County, VT. In July, approximately 50% of the 1996 needle complement on the lower 1 m of the crowns was infected and by August the incidence of infection on these branches increased to 75 to 100%. Less severe blighting occurred up to 1.5 m. Dead needles of the 1995 complement bore abundant, mostly empty, pycnidia of P. multicorniculata. The dead and dying distal ends of the 1996 needle complement bore abundant pycnidia of P. multicorniculata in various stages of maturation. This is the first report of this pathogen on Abies spp. in the northeastern U.S. The conidia from actively-sporulating pycnidia bore more numerous and longer appendages (1 to 16, average 7, up to 38 µm long) than the dried herbarium specimens of various ages used in the species description (1 to 5, up to 7 µm long) (1), or similarly reported from culture (2). References: (1) J. Bissett and M. E. Palm. Can. J. Bot. 67:3378, 1989. (2) L. Petrini et al. Sydowia 43:148, 1991.

scholarly journals Afforestation by natural regeneration or by tree planting: examples of opposite hydrological impacts evidenced by long-term field monitoring in the humid tropics

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 12615-12648 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Lacombe ◽  
O. Ribolzi ◽  
A. de Rouw ◽  
A. Pierret ◽  
K. Latsachak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Humid Tropics ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Trend Detection ◽  
Tree Plantations ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Term Field

Abstract. The humid tropics are exposed to an unprecedented modernization of agriculture involving rapid and highly-mixed land-use changes with contrasted environmental impacts. Afforestation is often mentioned as an unambiguous solution for restoring ecosystem services and enhancing biodiversity. One consequence of afforestation is the alteration of streamflow variability controlling habitats, water resources and flood risks. We demonstrate that afforestation by tree planting or by natural forest regeneration can induce opposite hydrological changes. An observatory including long-term field measurements of fine-scale land-use mosaics and of hydro-meteorological variables has been operating in several headwater catchments in tropical Southeast Asia since 2001. The GR2M water balance model repeatedly calibrated over successive 1 year periods, and used in simulation mode with specific rainfall input, allowed the hydrological effect of land-use change to be isolated from that of rainfall variability in two of these catchments in Laos and Vietnam. Visual inspection of hydrographs, correlation analyses and trend detection tests allowed causality between land-use changes and changes in seasonal flows to be ascertained. In Laos, the combination of shifting cultivation system (alternation of rice and fallow) and the gradual increase of teak tree plantations replacing fallow, led to intricate flow patterns: pluri-annual flow cycles induced by the shifting system, on top of a gradual flow increase over years caused by the spread of the plantation. In Vietnam, the abandonment of continuously cropped areas mixed with patches of tree plantations led to the natural re-growth of forest communities followed by a gradual drop in streamflow. Soil infiltrability controlled by surface crusting is the predominant process explaining why two modes of afforestation (natural regeneration or planting) led to opposite changes in flow regime. Given that commercial tree plantations will continue to expand in the humid tropics, careful consideration is needed before attributing to them positive effects on water and soil conservation.

scholarly journals Low effect on open-farmland birds of young afforestations in heterogeneous Mediterranean croplands

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan S. Sánchez-Oliver ◽  
José M. Rey Benayas ◽  
Luis M. L.M. Carrascal
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Tree Plantations ◽  
Conservation Value ◽  
Farmland Birds ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Bird Species Richness ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The One

Afforestation programs such as the one promoted by the EU Common Agricultural Policy have spread tree plantations on former cropland. These afforestations attract generalist forest and ubiquitous species but may cause severe damage to open habitat species, especially birds of high conservation value. We investigated the effects of young (< 20 yr) tree plantations dominated by pine P. halepensis on bird communities inhabiting the adjacent open farmland habitat in central Spain. We hypothesize that pine plantations with larger surface, and areas at shorter distances from plantations, would result in lower bird species richness and conservation value of open farmland birds. Regression models controlling for the influence of land use types around plantations revealed significant positive effects of distance to pine plantation edge on community species richness in winter, and negative effects on an index of conservation concern (SPEC) during the breeding season. However, plantation area did not have any effect on species richness or community conservation value. Our results indicate that pine afforestation of Mediterranean cropland in heterogeneous agricultural landscapes has an overall low detrimental effect on bird species that are characteristic of open farmland habitat.

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