The Role of Attention in the Detection of Luminance Changes: Endogenous versus Exogenous Cueing

Perception ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 25-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
P T Brawn ◽  
R J Snowden
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Task Type ◽  
Exogenous Cueing ◽  
Exogenous Cues ◽  
Visual Tasks ◽  
Simple Detection ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Small Advantage ◽  
And Task

Many visual tasks have been shown to be influenced by the attentional state of the observer. However the conditions under which attention has effects is still unclear. Here we report upon a series of experiments where the observer has to react to changes in the luminance of a target amongst many distractors. We have systematically manipulated the nature of the cue (endogenous vs exogenous) and the task to be performed (detection of changes vs discrimination of direction of change). Stimuli consisted of a number of circles upon a screen. At some point in time one of the circles changed in luminance and subjects reacted as quickly as possible. Typically half the circles were red and half green. Subjects could be cued to attend to a particular colour by instruction (endogenous) or by a brief flash of the lines that joined the same coloured elements (exogenous). In most cases the cue was appropriate on 80% of the trials and hence we could compare response times between valid and invalid trials. Our results show that (1) for simple detection endogenous cues were ineffective whereas exogenous cues provided a small advantage for the valid trials, and (2) for discrimination of direction of change endogenous cues provided a small advantage, whereas exogenous cues provided a large advantage for the valid trials. It appears that both cueing type and task type modulate the attentional effects on this ‘preattentive’ task.

scholarly journals The role of fixation disengagement in the parallel programming of sequences of saccades

2019 ◽  
Vol 237 (11) ◽  
pp. 3033-3045
Author(s):  
Eugene McSorley ◽  
Iain D. Gilchrist ◽  
Rachel McCloy
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Parallel Programming ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Gap Effect ◽  
Task Completion ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Trial Duration ◽  
Visual Tasks

Abstract One of the core mechanisms involved in the control of saccade responses to selected target stimuli is the disengagement from the current fixation location, so that the next saccade can be executed. To carry out everyday visual tasks, we make multiple eye movements that can be programmed in parallel. However, the role of disengagement in the parallel programming of saccades has not been examined. It is well established that the need for disengagement slows down saccadic response time. This may be important in allowing the system to program accurate eye movements and have a role to play in the control of multiple eye movements but as yet this remains untested. Here, we report two experiments that seek to examine whether fixation disengagement reduces saccade latencies when the task completion demands multiple saccade responses. A saccade contingent paradigm was employed and participants were asked to execute saccadic eye movements to a series of seven targets while manipulating when these targets were shown. This both promotes fixation disengagement and controls the extent that parallel programming can occur. We found that trial duration decreased as more targets were made available prior to fixation: this was a result both of a reduction in the number of saccades being executed and in their saccade latencies. This supports the view that even when fixation disengagement is not required, parallel programming of multiple sequential saccadic eye movements is still present. By comparison with previous published data, we demonstrate a substantial speeded of response times in these condition (“a gap effect”) and that parallel programming is attenuated in these conditions.

scholarly journals Learning to search. The importance of eye movements in the decrease of response times during a visual choice reaction time task

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Kroll ◽  
Monika Mak ◽  
Jerzy Samochowiec
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Choice Reaction Time ◽  
Visual Target ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Visual Tasks ◽  
Target Searching

Reaction times are often used as an indicator of the efficiency of the processes in thecentral nervous system. While extensive research has been conducted on the possibleresponse time correlates, the role of eye movements in visual tasks is yet unclear. Here wereport data to support the role of eye movements during visual choice reaction time training.Participant performance, reaction times, and total session duration improved. Eyemovementsshowed expected changes in saccade amplitude and resulted in improvementin visual target searching.

A Note about the Effect of Auditor Cognitive Style on Task Performance

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lori R. Fuller ◽  
Steven E. Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Task Type ◽  
Task Characteristics ◽  
Performance Effect ◽  
Cognitive Characteristics ◽  
Lack Of Fit ◽  
Interactive Task ◽  
And Task

Previous research documents variation among auditors in terms of their cognitive style. Auditors have been classified as possessing an intuitive, analytic, or hybrid cognitive style. However, the potential implications of cognitive style upon auditor task performance have received little attention. Building upon the work of Chan (1996), this paper examines the role of “cognitive misfit” on auditor task performance. Cognitive misfit is a lack of fit between a person's cognitive style and task characteristics. Participating auditors were required to perform two judgment tasks and complete a cognitive style questionnaire. Tests for an interactive task performance effect between task type and auditor cognitive characteristics were performed. As expected, auditor cognitive style significantly interacts with the task type. Analytic auditors performed better on the analytic task than the intuitive task. Likewise, intuitive auditors performed better on the intuitive task than on the analytic task. Limitations and implications of the research are discussed.

The Effects of Mean CSS Response Time and Task Type on Operator Performance in an Interactive Computer System

1977 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-105
Author(s):  
J. D. Williams ◽  
J. S. Swenson ◽  
J. A. Hegarty ◽  
T. S. Tullis
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Computer System ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Data Entry ◽  
Task Type ◽  
Data Correction ◽  
Operator Performance ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
And Task

Mean Computer Subsystem (CSS) response times and task type were studied to determine their effect on operator performance in an interactive computer system. The mean CSS response times were categorized into four groups; “zero” seconds, “low” (4.0 to 7.9 sec.), “medium” (16.8 to 17.3 sec.), and “high” (24.2 to 30.3 sec.). A simple data entry task and a data correction task were used to study the task type effect. Five directory assistance operators were used as subjects. Each operator performed the tasks using a Teleray 3700 CRT terminal over a 5-day period. The operators experienced every CSS response time condition for about one-and-a-half hours. An analysis of typographical errors revealed a significantly lower error rate on the data correction task than on the data entry task. Overall speed of performance results showed that all operators performed significantly faster during the data correction task. Improvement of overall typing rate was observed in the data correction tasks with increased response time. The data also were analyzed to study the “search and preparation” time that the operator used prior to entering data on the terminal. This analysis revealed that operators efficiently utilized the CSS response time to search for errors and to prepare to enter data. The analysis also showed that increased delays in CSS response time caused no identifiable reduction in typing speed once the operators began entering data on the terminal. Utility Indices were calculated to estimate the relative importance of each independent variable in influencing the operators' performance. The calculated indices indicated that mean CSS response time had only a small effect on performance of the operators under the conditions studied. Within the limits of this study, the data suggest that operator performance is better controlled by paying close attention to the design of the operators' tasks than by providing short CSS response times.

Role of burnout on job level, job satisfaction, and task performance

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 630-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Won Ho Kim ◽  
Young-An Ra ◽  
Jong Gyu Park ◽  
Bora Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Organizational Context ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Job Level ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Final Sample ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Task

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the mediating role of burnout (i.e. exhaustion, cynicism, professional inefficacy) in the relationship between job level and job satisfaction as well as between job level and task performance. Design/methodology/approach The final sample included 342 Korean workers from selected companies. The authors employed the Hayes (2013) PROCESS tool for analyzing the data. Findings The results showed that all three subscales of burnout (i.e. exhaustion, cynicism, professional inefficacy) mediate the relationship between job level and job satisfaction. However, only two mediators (i.e. cynicism, professional inefficacy) indicated the mediating effects on the association between job level and task performance. Originality/value This research presented the role of burnout on the relationships between job level, job satisfaction, and task performance especially in South Korean organizational context. In addition to role of burnout, findings should prove helpful in improving job satisfaction and task performance. The authors provide implications and limitations of the findings.

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