A Note on the Concept of the Visual Field in Neurology, Psychology, and Visual Neuroscience

Perception ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Smythies
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Stimulus Field ◽  
Visual Neuroscience ◽  
Brain Maps ◽  
Field Of Vision

Some current confusions in visual neuroscience and psychology over the use of the terms ‘visual field’, ‘field of vision’, ‘stimulus field’, and topographic ‘brain maps’ are reviewed. These are often used as synonyms, whereas they refer to quite different things. A plea is made that visual scientists should use these terms correctly to avoid conceptual and engineering confusion.

Examination of the field of vision in pregnant women

1926 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-335
Author(s):  
N. A. Popova
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
International Congress ◽  
Field Of Vision ◽  
First Time

In a report to the International Congress of Ophthalmologists in America, in 1922, Finlay reported for the first time that when examining the eyes of one woman who was in the last month of pregnancy, he accidentally stumbled upon a sharp bilateral temporal narrowing of the visual field, and since there were no he could not detect the phenomenon of moments, he suggested that this narrowing of the field of vision depends on the hypertrophy of the cerebral appendage occurring during pregnancy.

Essentials of Automated Perimetry

Visual Fields ◽  
2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Shafranov
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Automated Perimetry ◽  
Standard Automated Perimetry ◽  
Central Visual Field ◽  
Kinetic Perimetry ◽  
Field Of Vision ◽  
Stationary Test ◽  
Variable Light ◽  
Defects Analysis

Standard automated perimetry is a standard method of measuring peripheral visual function. Automated static perimetry gained wide acceptance among clinicians due to the test’s high reproducibility and standardization and ability to store, exchange, and statistically analyze digital data. Advances in the computerized visual field assessment have contributed to our understanding of the role that field of vision plays in clinical evaluation and management of patients. The Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer/HFA II-i is the most commonly used automated perimeter in the United States, and the examples in this chapter have been obtained with this instrument. Aubert and Förster in the 1860s developed the arc perimeter, which led to the mapping of peripheral neurologic visual field abnormalities and advanced glaucomatous field defects. Analysis of the central visual field was not seen as clinically important by most clinicians until 1889, when Bjerrum described a detected arcuate paracentral scotoma. Later, Traquair further contributed to kinetic perimetry on the tangent screen. In 1893, Groenouw proposed the term “isopter” for lines with the same sensitivity on a perimetry chart. Rønne further developed kinetic isopter perimetry in 1909 and described the nasal step in glaucoma. Although the first bowl perimeter was introduced in 1872 by Scherk, due to problems with achieving even illumination on the screen, it did not become popular. The version of the bowl perimeter introduced by Goldmann in 1945 became widely accepted and is a significant contribution to clinical perimetry. The Goldmann perimeter incorporated a projected stimulus on an illuminated bowl, with standardization of background illumination as well as size and intensity of the stimulus, and allowed effective use of both static and kinetic techniques. For these reasons, the Goldmann instrument has remained the clinical standard throughout the world until widespread acceptance of automated perimetry. Harms and Aulhorn later designed the Tübingen perimeter with a bowl-type screen exclusively for the measurement of static threshold fields, using stationary test objects with variable light intensity. While excellent threshold measurements were possible with this instrument, the time and effort involved in such measurements prevented this perimeter from becoming widely used.

The Body as Argument: Helen in Four Greek Texts

1997 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Worman
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Double Vision ◽  
Narrative Strategies ◽  
Narrative Strategy ◽  
Field Of Vision ◽  
Physical Presence ◽  
Poetic Narrative ◽  
Mind's Eye

Certain Greek texts depict Helen in a manner that connects her elusive body with the elusive maneuvers of the persuasive story. Her too-mobile body signals in these texts the obscurity of agency in the seduction scene and serves as a device for tracking the dynamics of desire. In so doing this body propels poetic narrative and gives structure to persuasive argumentation. Although the female figure in traditional texts is always the object of male representation, in this study I examine a set of images of a female body whose representation ultimately seems to frustrate the narrative strategies for which its depiction was created. What emerges in the fifth century as a rhetorical technique begins in Book 3 of the Iliad as a narrative strategy that uses Helen's cloaked and disappearing body to catalyze plot, and develops in Sappho's fr. 16 into a logic of desire shaped by the movement of Helen's and other bodies in the visual field. Gorgias, in the Encomium of Helen, transforms these depictions of Helen into an argument that is structured by Helen's body, an argument that Helen herself employs in Euripides' Troades, where her own body serves as the anatomy of her argument. These texts all associate Helen's body with a type of persuasive narrative that repeatedly invokes the field of vision, describing physical presence in terms that aim at attracting the eye. At the same time this verbal portraiture disrupts the audience's perspective by depicting bodies as cloaked, mobile, and/or half seen, and by obscuring distinctions between desirer and desired, viewer and viewed. As both subject and object in this viewing process, Helen's body comes to be associated with the double vision of seduction (i.e., the shunting of her body from desiring eye to desired object) and the distracting power of persuasive images, which seduce the mind's eye while eluding the mind's grasp.

Neuro-ophthalmology: Visual Fields

2021 ◽  
pp. 813-820
Author(s):  
Jacqueline A. Leavitt
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Visual Fields ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Outer Edge ◽  
Visual Field Testing ◽  
Clinical Process ◽  
Field Of Vision ◽  
Afferent Visual System

Visual field testing is an important part of the assessment of the afferent visual system. This chapter reviews the clinical process of visual field evaluation and the localization of lesions that affect the visual system. The visual field can be thought of as an island with an outer edge beyond which one cannot see and with an elevated center. The normal extent of the peripheral field of vision from the center is 90° to 100° temporally, 75° inferiorly, and 60° nasally and superiorly. Visual fields are subjective and should be considered only 1 part of the examination of the visual pathways.

Superiority of Clear-Visor Safety Hat to Opaque-Visor Hat: An Evaluation of Upper Visual-Field Obstruction

1994 ◽  
Vol 79 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1535-1538
Author(s):  
Kevin A. Creswell ◽  
Darrell M. Toma ◽  
Scott D. Brisbin ◽  
John R. Reddon
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Potential Problem ◽  
Field Research ◽  
American Industry ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Upper Visual Field ◽  
Field Of Vision ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Hard Hat

Three subjects were used to compare superior visual-field threshold for 5 North American industry-standard opaque safety hard hats with a prototype clear translucent-visor safety hard hat and a no-hat baseline condition. Average maximum degrees of superior visual field was equivalent for the clear-visor safety hat and no-hat conditions (52.0° versus 48.3°) but the opaque-visor safety hats resulted in only 15.1°. The opaque safety hats were worse than the clear-visor safety hat and no-hat conditions by, on the average, an order of 3. Analysis indicated that visual-field obstruction is a potential problem for wearers of opaque safety hats. Field research will be required to assess the extent of injuries caused by an impaired superior field of vision when wearing opaque-safety-hat visors. The potential positive effects of the clear-visor safety hat on reduction of accidents also must be determined.

scholarly journals The Danger of Wearing an Anorak

2002 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 192-193
Author(s):  
Chui M G Cheung ◽  
Omar M Durrani ◽  
Ming S Lim ◽  
Mahesh Ramchandani ◽  
Somnath Banerjee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Field Measurement ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Road Traffic Accidents ◽  
The Road ◽  
Field Of Vision ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Level Versus ◽  
Binocular Visual Field

Campaigns to reduce road traffic accidents have paid little attention to the way headgear could interfere with vision. Binocular visual field measurement was undertaken in six healthy volunteers wearing four different types of anorak. All four anoraks greatly reduced the horizontal and superior field of vision. The anorak producing the worst reduction resulted in a width of vision of 99° and only 15° of vision above eye level, versus 167° and 52° respectively without an anorak. Anorak wearers should turn their heads to look sideways before crossing the road.

Topography of visual and somatosensory projections to mouse superior colliculus

1976 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. C. Drager ◽  
D. H. Hubel
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vertebrate Species ◽  
Somatosensory Stimulation ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Oriented Area ◽  
Field Of Vision ◽  
Somatosensory Pathway

In adult mice of the C57BL/6J strain the projection of the visual field was systematically mapped under direct vision. As in other vertebrate species the nasal (anterior) field projected anterolaterally, and the inferior field posterolaterally. Values of magnification-1 (m-1, or degrees of visual field per millimeter tectal surface) were calculated over most of the tectum, for measurements in the coronal and sagittal planes. Whereas m-1 was fairly constant for measurement pairs in sagittal planes, for coronal planes there was a rather large, elongated, horizontally oriented area in the upper field of vision within which m-1 was smaller than elsewhere. In this area m-1 was anisotropic, with a ratio of almost 2:1 between sagittal and coronal planes. In a previously study we had observed that many cells recorded in deeper tectal layers responded to somatosensory stimulation, with whiskers especially conspicuous. In a given penetration perpendicular to the tectal surface, somatosensory receptive fields recorded in the deeper tectum were always concerned with that group of whiskers or with those parts of the body that crossed the regions of visual field represented in the superficial layers directly above. Given this information on the visual coordinates associated with certain somatosensory fields, the detailed mapping of the visual field onto the tectum made it possible to prepare a map of the somatosensory projection on the tectum. The resulting representation differed markedly from maps described for the classic somatosensory pathway. In the tectum the somatosensory map was dictated by the visual-field projection rather than by the peripheral tactile innervation density. Whiskers were thus featured much more prominently in the tectum, and structures close to the eye, such as the pinna and cheek, receive more representation than the tail or hindpaws.

scholarly journals Optic Chiasm Width in Normal-Tension and High-Tension Glaucoma

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 126-128
Author(s):  
Ján Lešták ◽  
Martin Kynčl ◽  
Martin Fůs ◽  
Klára Marešová
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Visual Fields ◽  
Optic Chiasm ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ophthalmological Examination ◽  
Field Of Vision ◽  
High Tension ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Electrophysiological Examination ◽  
Corpus Geniculatum Laterale

Purpose: The aim of our study was to find out whether in patients with hypertensive glaucoma (HTG) and normotensive glaucoma (NTG), there is a change in the size of the chiasm depending on the changes in the visual field. Therefore, we retrospectively measured the width of the chiasm in the patients to whom we measured the size of the corpus geniculatum laterale in 2013. Materials and methods: The group consisted of two groups of patients. Nine with hypertensive glaucoma (HTG) and nine with normotensive glaucoma (NTG). The diagnosis was based on a complex ophthalmological examination and in NTG and electrophysiological examination. The visual field was examined by a rapid threshold program on the Medmont M700. The sum of the sensitivity from both visual fields in the range of 0-22 degrees was compared with the width of the chiasm obtained by the magnetic resonance imaging using the eight channel head coil. The measured values of all subjects were analyzed using a paired t-test and a correlation coefficient. Results: We found a reduction in the chiasma width in both glaucoma groups. We found a statistically significant difference in the size of the chiasm (p = 0.0003) between the control group and the HTG group (p = 0.001). The narrowing of the chiasm showed a slight correlation in HTG with changes in the field of vision (r = 0.139) and in NTG a moderate correlation (r = 0.375). Conclusion: We found a reduction in the size of the chiasm in both HTG and NTG. The sum of sensitivities in the central parts of the visual field, however, more correlated with the reduction in the size of the chiasm in NTG. This finding shows that there are two different diagnostic groups.

scholarly journals Auditory and visual reaction time and peripheral field of vision in helmet users

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-46
Author(s):  
Abbu Pillai Adhilakshmi ◽  
Uday Kumar Priyadarshini Karthiga ◽  
Nitin Ashok John
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Peripheral Vision ◽  
Peripheral Visual Field ◽  
Visual Reaction Time ◽  
Field Of Vision ◽  
Visual Reaction ◽  
Auditory Reaction Time ◽  
Two Wheeler

Background: The incidence of fatal accidents are more in two wheeler drivers compared to four wheeler drivers. Head injury is of serious concern when recovery and prognosis of the patients are warranted, helmets are being used for safety purposes by moped, scooters and motorcycle drivers. Although, helmets are designed with cushioning effect to prevent head injuries but there are evidences of increase risk of neck injuries and reduced peripheral vision and hearing in helmet users. A complete full coverage helmets provide about less than 3 percent restrictions in horizontal peripheral visual field compared to rider without helmet. The standard company patented ergonomically designed helmets which does not affect the peripheral vision neither auditory reaction time.Objective: This pilot study aimed to evaluate the peripheral field of vision and auditory and visual reaction time in a hypertensive, diabetic and healthy male and female in order to have a better insight of protective characteristics of helmet in health and disease.Method: This pilot study carried out on age matched male of one healthy, one hypertensive and one diabetic and female subject of one healthy, one hypertensive and one diabetics. The field of vision was assessed by Lister’s perimeter whereas auditory and visual reaction time was recorded with response analyser.Result : Gender difference was not noted in peripheral field of vision but mild difference was found in auditory reaction time for high frequency and visual reaction time for both red and green colour in healthy control. But lateral and downward peripheral visual field was found reduced whereas auditory and visual reaction time was found increased in both hypertensive and diabetic subject in both sexes.Conclusion: Peripheral vision, auditory reaction time and visual reaction time in hypertensive and diabetics may lead to vulnerable accident. Helmet use has proven to reduce extent of injury in motorcyclist and other two wheeler drivers.Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2016, December; 11(2): 43-46

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