Texture Discrimination at the Cyclopean Retina

Perception ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 771-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Pérez-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Binocular Fusion ◽  
Texture Discrimination ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Random Dot Stereograms

One of the open questions within the study of texture discrimination is whether the underlying neural mechanisms are located within the two monocular pathways, or whether they are located at more central areas that process binocular information. This question is considered here in psychophysical experiments of texture discrimination involving stereograms. The results show that texture discrimination for differences in form and size occur after binocular fusion. Moreover, the suitability of random-dot stereograms versus line-figure stereograms for this research has been studied. It was found that discrimination for differences in form was better with line-figure stereograms whereas discrimination for differences in size was better with random-dot stereograms.

Figural Aftereffects in Random-Dot Stereograms without Monocular Contours

Perception ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
J T Walker ◽  
M W Kruger
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Fusion ◽  
Random Dot Stereograms

Random-dot stereograms produced contour-displacement figural aftereffects in the absence of monocular inspection and test contours. Such aftereffects are wholly cyclopean (central), since no interaction between inspection and test contours could occur at any level lower than the area of binocular fusion. Cyclopean aftereffects have important implications for theories of figural aftereffects.

Enhancing Motion-In-Depth Perception of Random-Dot Stereograms

Perception ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 722-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Di Zhang ◽  
Vincent Nourrit ◽  
Jean-Louis De Bougrenet de la Tocnaye
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Vision ◽  
Depth Perception ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Stimulus Contrast ◽  
Motion In Depth ◽  
Direction Discrimination ◽  
Random Dot Stereograms ◽  
Background Texture ◽  
Stimulus Design

Random-dot stereograms have been widely used to explore the neural mechanisms underlying binocular vision. Although they are a powerful tool to stimulate motion-in-depth (MID) perception, published results report some difficulties in the capacity to perceive MID generated by random-dot stereograms. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the performance of MID perception could be improved using an appropriate stimulus design. Sixteen inexperienced observers participated in the experiment. A training session was carried out to improve the accuracy of MID detection before the experiment. Four aspects of stimulus design were investigated: presence of a static reference, background texture, relative disparity, and stimulus contrast. Participants’ performance in MID direction discrimination was recorded and compared to evaluate whether varying these factors helped MID perception. Results showed that only the presence of background texture had a significant effect on MID direction perception. This study provides suggestions for the design of 3D stimuli in order to facilitate MID perception.

Does Visual Texture Discrimination Precede Binocular Fusion?

Perception ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P Frisby ◽  
John E W Mayhew
Keyword(s):  
Visual Texture ◽  
Binocular Fusion ◽  
Texture Discrimination

Various stereoscopic demonstrations are presented which indicate that visual texture discrimination is based on processes which occur after, or at the same time as, the binocular combination of images from the two eyes. Monocularly invisible texture regions can become apparent, and monocularly visible regions can be hidden, by the processes of binocular fusion.

scholarly journals An integrative role for the superior colliculus in selecting targets for movements

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (4) ◽  
pp. 2118-2131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew B. Wolf ◽  
Mario J. Lintz ◽  
Jamie D. Costabile ◽  
John A. Thompson ◽  
Elizabeth A. Stubblefield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Target Selection ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Systems Neuroscience ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Fundamental Goal ◽  
Important Form ◽  
Selection Of

A fundamental goal of systems neuroscience is to understand the neural mechanisms underlying decision making. The midbrain superior colliculus (SC) is known to be central to the selection of one among many potential spatial targets for movements, which represents an important form of decision making that is tractable to rigorous experimental investigation. In this review, we first discuss data from mammalian models—including primates, cats, and rodents—that inform our understanding of how neural activity in the SC underlies the selection of targets for movements. We then examine the anatomy and physiology of inputs to the SC from three key regions that are themselves implicated in motor decisions—the basal ganglia, parabrachial region, and neocortex—and discuss how they may influence SC activity related to target selection. Finally, we discuss the potential for methodological advances to further our understanding of the neural bases of target selection. Our overarching goal is to synthesize what is known about how the SC and its inputs act together to mediate the selection of targets for movements, to highlight open questions about this process, and to spur future studies addressing these questions.

How We See the World in Depth

2021 ◽  
pp. 370-403
Author(s):  
Stephen Grossberg
Keyword(s):  
Necker Cube ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Boundary Surface ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Natural Scenes ◽  
Binocular Fusion ◽  
3D Vision ◽  
Random Dot Stereograms ◽  
Boundary Grouping ◽  
Limiting Case

This chapter explains how 3D vision and figure-ground perception occur in our brains. It shows how the 2D boundary and surface processes that are described in earlier chapters naturally generalize to 3D via both the FACADE (Form-And-Color-And-DEpth) theory of 3D vision and figure-ground perception, and the 3D LAMINART model that generalizes the laminar cortical circuits of Chapter 10 to 3D and naturally embodies and generalizes FACADE. Contrast-specific binocular fusion and contrast-invariant boundary formation are explained in terms of identified cells in specific layers of cortical areas V1 and V2. The correspondence problem is solved using a disparity filter that eliminates false binocular matches in layer 2/3 of V2, while it chooses the 3D binocular boundary grouping that is best supported by scenic cues. The critical role of monocular boundary information in figure-ground perception is explained and used to simulate DaVinci stereopsis percepts, along with surface-to-boundary surface contour signals and a fixation plane bias due to life-long experiences with fixated scenic features. Simulated data include the Venetian blind effect, Panum’s limiting case, dichoptic masking, 3D Craik-O’Brien-Cornsweet effect, Julesz random dot stereograms, 3D percepts of 2D pictures of shaded ellipses and discrete textures, simultaneous fusion and rivalry percepts when viewing Kulikowski and Kaufman stereograms, stimulus rivalry and eye rivalry, and bistable percepts of slanted surfaces, including the Necker cube. The size-disparity correlation enables signals from multiple scales to cooperate and compete to generate boundary representations at multiple depths. 3D percepts of natural scenes from stereograms are also simulated with these circuits.

Visual Remapping

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie D. Golomb ◽  
James A. Mazer
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Science Volume ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
Vision Science ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Object Features ◽  
Human Neuroimaging

Our visual system is fundamentally retinotopic. When viewing a stable scene, each eye movement shifts object features and locations on the retina. Thus, sensory representations must be updated, or remapped, across saccades to align presaccadic and postsaccadic inputs. The earliest remapping studies focused on anticipatory, presaccadic shifts of neuronal spatial receptive fields. Over time, it has become clear that there are multiple forms of remapping and that different forms of remapping may be mediated by different neural mechanisms. This review attempts to organize the various forms of remapping into a functional taxonomy based on experimental data and ongoing debates about forward versus convergent remapping, presaccadic versus postsaccadic remapping, and spatial versus attentional remapping. We integrate findings from primate neurophysiological, human neuroimaging and behavioral, and computational modeling studies. We conclude by discussing persistent open questions related to remapping, with specific attention to binding of spatial and featural information during remapping and speculations about remapping's functional significance. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 7 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Independent Spatial-Frequency-Tuned Channels in Binocular Fusion and Rivalry

Perception ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bela Julesz ◽  
Joan E Miller
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Binocular Rivalry ◽  
Sinusoidal Grating ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Binocular Fusion ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
First Case ◽  
Noise Energy ◽  
Random Dot Stereograms ◽  
Masking Noise

Monocular masking studies show that the visibility of a one-dimensional sinusoidal grating remains unchanged in the presence of masking noise filtered so as to contain spectral components that are at least two octaves away from the spatial frequency of the grating (Stromeyer and Julesz 1972). In the present study, random-dot stereograms were bandpass filtered in the two-dimensional Fourier domain, and masking noise of various spatial frequency bands was added to the filtered stereograms. Masking noise bands containing equally effective noise energy were selected such that their bands were either overlapping with the stereoscopic image spectrum or were two octaves distant. The first case resulted in binocular rivalry; however, in the second case stereoscopic fusion could be maintained in the presence of strong binocular rivalry owing to the masking noise. This finding indicates that spatial-frequency-tuned channels are not restricted to one-dimensional gratings but operate on two-dimensional patterns as well. Furthermore, these frequency channels are utilized in stereopsis and work independently from each other, since some of these channels can be in binocular rivalry while at the same time other channels yield fusion. The main binocular experiments are demonstrated.

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