The Role of Intervening Patterns in the Storage of the Movement Aftereffect

Perception ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1233-1240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Thompson ◽  
Justin Wright
Keyword(s):  
Residual Effect ◽  
Visual Pathway ◽  
Motion Aftereffect ◽  
High Contrast ◽  
Movement Aftereffect ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Fatigue Model ◽  
Storage Effects ◽  
Storage Patterns

Wohlgemuth, having measured the duration of the motion aftereffect (MAE), instructed subjects to close their eyes immediately after adaptation for a period of time longer than the MAE. Upon opening their eyes the subjects reported a residual effect, albeit somewhat shorter than the original effect. Thus the decay of the aftereffect appeared to have been retarded by the period of darkness. This effect is known as ‘storage’ and poses a problem for any model of the MAE based on the fatiguing of direction-selective units in the visual pathway. A reexamination is made of storage of the MAE, again concentrating on the intervening stimulation between movement adaptation and aftereffect test. The results suggest that the nature of the intervening pattern between adaptation and test conditions is remarkably unimportant. A total of 11 different storage patterns were examined after adaptation to high-contrast drifting horizontal sinewave gratings. For 10 of these patterns large and robust storage effects were found. The exception occurred when the spatial pattern of the storage stimulus was identical to the adaptation and test stimuli. It is proposed that storage cannot be understood in terms of a simple fatigue model of the MAE and that one component of the effect may share similarities with contingent aftereffects.

Top-Down Processing and Visual Reorientation Illusions in a Virtual Reality Environment

2004 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred W. Mast ◽  
Charles M. Oman
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Line Length ◽  
Perceptual Cues ◽  
Virtual Reality Environment ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Processing Mechanisms

The role of top-down processing on the horizontal-vertical line length illusion was examined by means of an ambiguous room with dual visual verticals. In one of the test conditions, the subjects were cued to one of the two verticals and were instructed to cognitively reassign the apparent vertical to the cued orientation. When they have mentally adjusted their perception, two lines in a plus sign configuration appeared and the subjects had to evaluate which line was longer. The results showed that the line length appeared longer when it was aligned with the direction of the vertical currently perceived by the subject. This study provides a demonstration that top-down processing influences lower level visual processing mechanisms. In another test condition, the subjects had all perceptual cues available and the influence was even stronger.

scholarly journals Adaptive Integration in the Visual Cortex by Depressing Recurrent Cortical Circuits

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 1847-1872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark C. W. van Rossum ◽  
Matthijs A. A. van der Meer ◽  
Dengke Xiao ◽  
Mike W. Oram
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
High Contrast ◽  
Cortical Circuits ◽  
Response Latencies ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Higher Visual Areas ◽  
Recurrent Connections

Neurons in the visual cortex receive a large amount of input from recurrent connections, yet the functional role of these connections remains unclear. Here we explore networks with strong recurrence in a computational model and show that short-term depression of the synapses in the recurrent loops implements an adaptive filter. This allows the visual system to respond reliably to deteriorated stimuli yet quickly to high-quality stimuli. For low-contrast stimuli, the model predicts long response latencies, whereas latencies are short for high-contrast stimuli. This is consistent with physiological data showing that in higher visual areas, latencies can increase more than 100 ms at low contrast compared to high contrast. Moreover, when presented with briefly flashed stimuli, the model predicts stereotypical responses that outlast the stimulus, again consistent with physiological findings. The adaptive properties of the model suggest that the abundant recurrent connections found in visual cortex serve to adapt the network's time constant in accordance with the stimulus and normalizes neuronal signals such that processing is as fast as possible while maintaining reliability.

Recovery from Adaptation to Moving Gratings

Perception ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 719-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max J Keck ◽  
Benjamin Pentz
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Spontaneous Recovery ◽  
Motion Aftereffect ◽  
Time Decay ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Test Grating ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Sinusoidal Gratings ◽  
Short Term Adaptation

Short-term adaptation to moving sinusoidal gratings results in a motion aftereffect which decays in time. The time decay of the motion aftereffect has been measured psychophysically, and it is found to depend on (i) the spontaneous recovery from the adapted state, and (ii) the contrast of the test grating. We have measured the decays for various test conditions. An extrapolation of the measurements allows us to obtain a decay which represents the time course of the spontaneous recovery of the direction-sensitive mechanisms.

scholarly journals Climate, tectonics or morphology: what signals can we see in drainage basin sediment yields?

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Coulthard ◽  
M. J. Van de Wiel
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Yield ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Sediment Yields ◽  
Internal Storage ◽  
Storage Effects ◽  
Climatic Drivers ◽  
Basin Morphology ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Small Basin

Abstract. Sediment yields from river basins are typically considered to be controlled by tectonic and climatic drivers. However, climate and tectonics can operate simultaneously and the impact of autogenic processes scrambling or shredding these inputs can make it hard to unpick the role of these drivers from the sedimentary record. Thus an understanding of the relative dominance of climate, tectonics or other processes in the output of sediment from a basin is vital. Here, we use a numerical landscape evolution model (CAESAR) to specifically examine the relative impact of climate change, tectonic uplift (instantaneous and gradual) and basin morphology on sediment yield. Unexpectedly, this shows how the sediment signal from significant rates of uplift (10 m instant or 25 mm a−1) may be lost due to internal storage effects within even a small basin. However, the signal from modest increases in rainfall magnitude (10–20%) can be seen in increases in sediment yield. In addition, in larger basins, tectonic inputs can be significantly diluted by regular delivery from non-uplifted parts of the basin.

Answering the Questions of the Psychologist Assessing the Visually Handicapped Child

1975 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 350-353
Author(s):  
John L. Morse
Keyword(s):  
Classroom Observation ◽  
Handicapped Child ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Visual Condition ◽  
Inappropriate Behaviors ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Visually Handicapped ◽  
First Time

The most common question asked by the psychologist who is faced for the first time with assessing a visually handicapped child are answered. The 15 questions include such areas as the required information concerning visual condition, background of the client, test conditions, the role of the parents, classroom observation, behaviors observed during testing, evaluation of test results, expectations of parents and teachers, and modification of a child's inappropriate behaviors.

scholarly journals Genetic disruption of the On visual pathway affects cortical orientation selectivity and contrast sensitivity in mice

2014 ◽  
Vol 111 (11) ◽  
pp. 2276-2286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashmi Sarnaik ◽  
Hui Chen ◽  
Xiaorong Liu ◽  
Jianhua Cang
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Sensitivity ◽  
Visual Pathway ◽  
Response Variability ◽  
Stimulus Contrast ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
Pharmacological Blockade ◽  
Single Unit Recordings ◽  
On And Off Pathways

The retina signals stimulus contrast via parallel On and Off pathways and sends the information to higher visual centers. Here we study the role of the On pathway using mice that have null mutations in the On-specific GRM6 receptor in the retina (Pinto LH, Vitaterna MH, Shimomura K, Siepka SM, Balannik V, McDearmon EL, Omura C, Lumayag S, Invergo BM, Brandon M, Glawe B, Cantrell DR, Donald R, Inayat S, Olvera MA, Vessey KA, Kirstan A, McCall MA, Maddox D, Morgans CW, Young B, Pletcher MT, Mullins RF, Troy JB, Takahashi JS. Vis Neurosci 24: 111–123, 2007; Maddox DM, Vessey KA, Yarbrough GL, Invergo BM, Cantrell DR, Inayat S, Balannik V, Hicks WL, Hawes NL, Byers S, Smith RS, Hurd R, Howell D, Gregg RG, Chang B, Naggert JK, Troy JB, Pinto LH, Nishina PM, McCall MA. J Physiol 586: 4409–4424, 2008). In these “nob” mice, single unit recordings in the primary visual cortex (V1) reveal degraded selectivity for orientations due to an increased response at nonpreferred orientations. Contrast sensitivity in the nob mice is reduced with severe deficits at low contrast, consistent with the phenotype of night blindness in human patients with mutations in Grm6. These cortical deficits can be largely explained by reduced input drive and increased response variability seen in nob V1. Interestingly, increased variability is also observed in the superior colliculus of these mice but does not affect its tuning properties. Further, the increased response variability in the nob mice is traced to the retina, a result phenocopied by acute pharmacological blockade of the On pathway in wild-type retina. Together, our results suggest that the On and Off pathways normally interact to increase response reliability in the retina, which in turn propagates to various central visual targets and affects their functional properties.

scholarly journals The role of body partonomics and biological class in the representation of animacy in the ventral visual pathway

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
J.Brendan W Ritchie ◽  
Joyce Bosmans ◽  
Shuo Sun ◽  
Kirsten Verhaegen ◽  
Astrid Zeman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Pathway ◽  
Ventral Visual Pathway

scholarly journals Effect of video game playing and a glucose preload on subjective appetite, subjective emotions, and food intake in overweight and obese boys

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 248-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon J.F. Gheller ◽  
Julia O. Totosy de Zepetnek ◽  
Jo M. Welch ◽  
Melissa D. Rossiter ◽  
Bohdan Luhovyy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Game Playing ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Video Game Playing ◽  
Test Conditions

Video game playing (VGP) is associated with overweight/obesity (OW/OB). VGP and caloric preloads in the pre-meal environment influence short-term food intake (FI) in healthy-weight children. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of pre-meal VGP and a glucose preload on subjective emotions, subjective appetite, and FI in boys with OW/OB. On 4 separate mornings, boys with OW/OB (n = 22; mean ± SD: age = 11.9 ± 1.6 years; body mass index percentile = 94.3 ± 3.9) participated in 4 test conditions. Two hours after a standardized breakfast, boys consumed equally sweetened preloads (250 mL) of sucralose (0 kcal) or glucose (200 kcal), with or without 30 min of subsequent VGP. Immediately after each test condition, FI was evaluated during an ad libitum pizza meal. Subjective appetite was measured at 0 (baseline), 15, and 30 min. Subjective emotions (aggression, anger, excitement, disappointment, happiness, upset, and frustration) were measured at 0 and 30 min. VGP did not affect FI, but the glucose preload decreased FI compared with the sucralose control (Δ = −103 ± 48 kcal, p < 0.01). However, cumulative FI (preload kcal + meal kcal) was 9% higher after the glucose preload (p < 0.01). Subjective appetite increased with time (p < 0.05) but was not influenced by preload or VGP. Frustration was the only subjective emotion that increased following VGP (p < 0.01). A glucose preload, but not VGP, suppressed FI in boys with OW/OB, suggesting a primary role of physiological factors in short-term FI regulation.

Comics Are in Right Now

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Drew Morton
Keyword(s):  
Comic Books ◽  
Comic Book ◽  
Film Noir ◽  
High Contrast ◽  
Horizontal Integration ◽  
Digital Cinema ◽  
Compositional Technique ◽  
Ontological Shift

This book examines the intricacies of the American film's stylistic remediation of comics. Stylistic remediation refers to the stylistic practice by films (both adaptations of comics and original properties), in which they have increasingly relied on the formal characteristics of comic books (such as panels, speed lines, the dissection of motion, flat compositions). For their part, comics have drawn upon formal devices derived from film (such as the film noir compositional technique of high-contrast lighting and Photoshop assisted motion blurring to produce a more cinematic look). The book explores how stylistic remediation complicates the idea of media specificity, the role of horizontal integration and conglomeration in the process of stylistic remediation, the industrial motivation behind remediation in films and comics, and whether the remediation of comic book stylistics into films is fundamentally a by-product of technologies and an indication of a larger ontological shift from cinema to digital cinema.

A role of the subcortical visual pathway in social cognition

2009 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. S21
Author(s):  
Etsuro Hori ◽  
Maior Rafael ◽  
Taketoshi Ono ◽  
Hisao Nishijo
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Visual Pathway
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