On the Microgenesis of Illusory Figures: A Failure to Replicate

Perception ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 857-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore E Parks
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Viewing Time ◽  
Illusory Figure ◽  
Illusory Contours ◽  
Do So

Reynolds found in 1981 that with increased viewing time of a pattern which may or may not produce illusory contours there were: first, reports of the pattern without an illusory figure; then, at longer exposures, an increase in the frequency with which illusory figures were reported; and then, with still longer exposures, a decrease in such reports if the pattern contained elements which tended to contradict the possibility of such a figure. Unfortunately, however, three attempts to replicate these potentially very important findings—with the aid of substantially improved methodology—consistently failed to do so. It is suggested that this failure, although it is disappointing to those who subscribe to a ‘problem solving’ explanation of illusory contours, may not constitute a strong refutation of such a theory. Regardless, the purpose in the report is to clarify and rectify the published record concerning this part of the evidential underpinnings of that theory.

Toward a Reasoning Framework of Design As Synthesis

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaharu Yoshioka ◽  
Tetsuo Tomiyama
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Process Modeling ◽  
Implementation Strategy ◽  
Multiple Model ◽  
Hypothetical Reasoning ◽  
Design Processes ◽  
Design Process Modeling ◽  
Do So

Abstract Most of the previous research efforts for design process modeling had such assumptions as “design as problem solving,” “design as decision making,” and “design by analysis,” and did not explicitly address “design as synthesis.” These views lack notion and understanding about synthesis. Compared with analysis, synthesis is less understood and clarified. This paper discusses our fundamental view on synthesis and approach toward a reasoning framework of design as synthesis. To do so, we observe the designer’s activity and formalize knowledge operations in design processes. From the observation, we propose a hypothetical reasoning framework of design based on multiple model-based reasoning. We discuss the implementation strategy for the framework.

The role of retrieval practice in memory and analogical problem-solving

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 858-871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Autumn B Hostetter ◽  
Elizabeth A Penix ◽  
Mackenzie Z Norman ◽  
W Robert Batsell ◽  
Thomas H Carr
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Retrieval Practice ◽  
Analogous Problem ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Term Retention ◽  
Analogical Problem ◽  
Long Term Retention ◽  
Do So

Retrieval practice (e.g., testing) has been shown to facilitate long-term retention of information. In two experiments, we examine whether retrieval practice also facilitates use of the practised information when it is needed to solve analogous problems. When retrieval practice was not limited to the information most relevant to the problems (Experiment 1), it improved memory for the information a week later compared with copying or rereading the information, although we found no evidence that it improved participants’ ability to apply the information to the problems. In contrast, when retrieval practice was limited to only the information most relevant to the problems (Experiment 2), we found that retrieval practice enhanced memory for the critical information, the ability to identify the schematic similarities between the two sources of information, and the ability to apply that information to solve an analogous problem after a hint was given to do so. These results suggest that retrieval practice, through its effect on memory, can facilitate application of information to solve novel problems but has minimal effects on spontaneous realisation that the information is relevant.

Illusory Contours from Pictorially Three-Dimensional Inducing Elements: Counterevidence for Parks and Rock's Example

Perception ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 809-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franco Purghé
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Illusory Figure ◽  
Illusory Contours ◽  
Line Elements

In 1990 Parks and Rock claimed that, in pictorially three-dimensional (3-D) inducing patterns, an illusory figure does not emerge if a clear occlusion event is not present. A new pictorially 3-D pattern is presented which contradicts this claim. Two experiments were carried out. The first was aimed at ascertaining the presence of an illusory figure in the new 3-D pattern; the second was aimed at offering evidence that in Parks and Rock's pattern the disappearance of the illusory figure could be due to local interferences caused by the line elements in contact with the inducing borders. The results tend to contradict Parks and Rock's conclusions.

scholarly journals The maturing of therapy

2002 ◽  
Vol 180 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isaac M. Marks
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Needs Assessment ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Coming Of Age ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Cognitive Problem ◽  
Scientific Principles ◽  
Do So

BackgroundPsychiatric therapy needs assessment regarding its maturation as a therapeutic science.AimsJudgement of whether such a science is emerging.MethodFour criteria are used: efficacy; identification of responsible treatment components; knowledge of their mechanisms of action; and elucidation of why they act only in some sufferers.ResultsBrief behavioural, interpersonal, cognitive, problem-solving and other psychotherapies have a mature ability to improve anxiety and depressive disorders reliably and enduringly, often only with instruction from a manual or a computer. Therapy's cost-effectiveness and acceptability deserve more attention. We know little about which treatment components produce improvement, how they do so and why they do not help all sufferers.ConclusionsTherapy is coming of age regarding efficacy for anxiety and depression, but is only a toddler regarding the scientific principles to explain its effects.

‘It’s a Puzzle You Have to Do Every Night’: Performing Creative Problem Solving at Work in the Indoor Canadian Sex Industry

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 424-440
Author(s):  
Tuulia Law ◽  
Menaka Raguparan
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Female Sex Workers ◽  
Qualitative Interview ◽  
Sex Industry ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Creative Problem Solving ◽  
Class Culture ◽  
Creative Problem ◽  
Do So

In Canada, like in many other countries, people working in the sex industry are subject to prohibitive regulation, stigma and pervasive moral judgement. At the same time, workplace and client demands, in concert with various modes of socio-economic marginalization, shape sex workers’ experiences of and access to work. However, sex workers are seldom recognized for overcoming these challenges as skilled workers. Moving beyond arguments about whether or not sex work is a legitimate form of labour, we argue for the recognition of sex workers’ entrepreneurial and security strategies as creative problem solving and in turn cognitive skill. We do so by drawing on two qualitative interview-based studies highlighting the intersectional experiences of female sex workers who modulate their appearance and behaviour to perform race, gender, class, culture and sexuality to succeed in the Canadian indoor sex industry.

Amodal Completion versus Induced Inhomogeneities in the Organization of Illusory Figures

Perception ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 627-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Davi ◽  
Baingio Pinna ◽  
Marco Sambin
Keyword(s):  
Phenomenological Model ◽  
Control Experiment ◽  
Amodal Completion ◽  
Brightness Contrast ◽  
Primary Factor ◽  
Paired Comparisons ◽  
Illusory Figure ◽  
Illusory Contours ◽  
Energetic Model ◽  
Method Of Paired Comparisons

An analysis is presented of a phenomenological model of illusory contours. The model is based on amodal completion as the primary factor giving rise to the illusory figure. In the experiment, conducted by the method of paired comparisons, the same parameter was manipulated in two series of equivalent configurations. The first series yielded examples of amodal completion, the second examples of illusory figures. Three groups of subjects evaluated the magnitude of completion, the brightness contrast of the illusory figure, and the contour clarity of the illusory figure. A control experiment was conducted, which demonstrated that in these configurations amodal completion and amodal continuation behave in the same way. Line displacement did not influence the brightness or the contour clarity of the illusory figures, though it influenced the magnitude of amodal completion. These results are in agreement with the energetic model developed by Sambin.

Banishing Illusory Contours: A New Possibility

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 753-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore E Parks
Keyword(s):  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Illusory Figure ◽  
Illusory Contours

As an alternative to an earlier hypothesis, it may be that the harmful effect of certain modifications to a pattern which would otherwise produce an illusory figure may be due to excessive coincidences that would be present if an illusory figure were to be seen.

scholarly journals When do people lie, for whom, and why? : altruistic lying in an alibi corroboration context.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphanie B. Marion
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Social Pressure ◽  
Study Session ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Do So ◽  
Testing Room

Three studies were conducted in order to identity factors that impact the likelihood that a witness will lie for a suspect in an alibi corroboration context. Specifically, the level of affinity between a suspect and a witness, the level of social pressure, and gender were investigated as factors impacting the likelihood that a witness would knowingly support a false alibi. During a study session purportedly intended to investigate dyadic problem-solving ability, a mock theft was staged in an adjacent office. When questioned by the experimenter, undergraduate students were provided the opportunity to either corroborate or refute a confederate’s false alibi that the latter had been in the testing room during the time of the theft, which participants knew was false. In study 1, participants who were explicitly asked to conceal the confederate’s whereabouts during the time of the theft were more likely to lie for him or her by corroborating the false alibi (61% vs. 26% of those who were not asked to lie). In study 2, there was a higher percentage of male participants who corroborated a male confederate’s false alibi (41%) compared to female participants who corroborated a female confederate’s false alibi (23%). In study 3, participants were found to be more likely to lie for a confederate when the latter was their friend (41%) than when he or she was a stranger (18%). How much a participant liked the suspect (study 1) and whether or not the suspect had previously helped the participant (study 2) did not affect the rates of false alibi corroboration. The results confirm that alibi witnesses often lie, but suggest that investigators and jurors may underestimate the frequency with which strangers and acquaintances lie for one another, and that witnesses who lie do so more often because they trust that the suspect is innocent rather than guilty.

scholarly journals Reactivating Memories from a Mathematical Task over a Period of Sleep

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrianna M Bassard ◽  
Ken A Paller
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Mathematical Problem ◽  
Skill Learning ◽  
Final Test ◽  
Memory Reactivation ◽  
Multiplication Problem ◽  
Fact Learning ◽  
Do So

Sleep, especially slow-wave sleep (SWS), has been found to facilitate memory consolidation for many types of learning. Mathematical learning, however, has seldom been examined in this context. Solving multiplication problems involves multiple steps before problems can be mastered or answers memorized, and thus it can depend on both skill learning and fact learning. Here we aimed to test the hypothesis that memory reactivation during sleep contributes to multiplication learning. To do so, we used a technique known as targeted memory reactivation (TMR), or the pairing of newly learned information with specific stimuli that are later presented during sleep. With TMR, specific memories can be reactivated over a period of sleep without disrupting ongoing sleep. We applied TMR during an afternoon nap to reactivate half of the multiplication problems that had previously been practiced. Results showed no effect of TMR on response time or accuracy of multiplication problem solving. Because these results were unexpected, we also used a variation of this paradigm to examine results in subjects who remained awake. Comparisons between the wake and sleep groups showed no difference in response time or accuracy in either the initial test or the final test. Although neither TMR nor sleep differentially influenced multiplication performance, correlational analysis provided some clues about mathematical problem solving and sleep. On the basis of these findings, even though they did not provide convincing support for our hypotheses, we suggest future experiments that could help produce a better understanding of the relevance of sleep and memory reactivation for this type of learning.

Discovering the Root Causes of Success

2020 ◽  
pp. 119-132
Author(s):  
Anindita Majumdar
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Positive Psychology ◽  
Change Management ◽  
Appreciative Inquiry ◽  
Deficit Thinking ◽  
Organisational Development ◽  
Positive Approach ◽  
Strength Based ◽  
Inquiry Method ◽  
Do So

Inspired from the movement of positive psychology, appreciative inquiry (AI) contributed immensely and continues to do so in organisational development (OD) from every aspect. As it is driven by the strength-based possibility-focused thinking approach, rather than the deficit thinking approach of problem solving inquiry method, appreciative inquiry helps in creating an overall positive environment in the organisation (practice of positive OD). The scope of appreciative inquiry, thus, is not only limited to organisational problem diagnosis and therapeutic realm, but has also spread out its wings in communication and relation building, change management, development programmes, and many more. This chapter, hence, has tried to emphasise and briefly discuss appreciative inquiry's vast scope, contribution, and positive approach in the sphere of organisational development.

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