Configurational Differences in Stereovision

Perception ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 607-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Bacon ◽  
Hans Wallach
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Stereoscopic Vision ◽  
Retinal Images

Retinal disparities which produce perceived depth in stereoscopic vision result from configurational differences in the retinal images in the two eyes of objective three-dimensional arrangements. Experiments reported earlier demonstrated special effectiveness of differences in the alignment in the vertical dimensions of the images of points that are at different depth. Here a stereoscopic experiment is reported where alignment differences were increased without altering disparity. An increase in perceived depth resulted and was measured by estimation and by matching. The reason for the special effectiveness of binocular alignment differences is discussed.

scholarly journals Effects of cortical damage on binocular depth perception

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1697) ◽  
pp. 20150254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly Bridge
Keyword(s):  
Depth Perception ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Stereoscopic Vision ◽  
Temporal Lobectomy ◽  
Cortical Atrophy ◽  
Retinal Images ◽  
Posterior Cortical Atrophy ◽  
Retinal Input ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Binocular Depth

Stereoscopic depth perception requires considerable neural computation, including the initial correspondence of the two retinal images, comparison across the local regions of the visual field and integration with other cues to depth. The most common cause for loss of stereoscopic vision is amblyopia, in which one eye has failed to form an adequate input to the visual cortex, usually due to strabismus (deviating eye) or anisometropia. However, the significant cortical processing required to produce the percept of depth means that, even when the retinal input is intact from both eyes, brain damage or dysfunction can interfere with stereoscopic vision. In this review, I examine the evidence for impairment of binocular vision and depth perception that can result from insults to the brain, including both discrete damage, temporal lobectomy and more systemic diseases such as posterior cortical atrophy. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Vision in our three-dimensional world’.

The Role of the Vertical Dimension in Stereoscopic Vision

Perception ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Christopher Longuet-Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vertical Plane ◽  
Vertical Dimension ◽  
Stereoscopic Vision ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Retinal Images ◽  
Horizontal Meridian ◽  
Visible Points ◽  
Quantitative Explanation

It is shown how the full three-dimensional structure of a scene may in principle be computed from a correlated pair of retinal images, when all that is known about the orientations of the two eyes is that the planes of their horizontal meridians accurately coincide. The vertical dimension plays a crucial role in the theory; visible points which lie on the horizontal meridian supply no information about the angle of convergence or the direction of gaze. (i) If the scene contains three or more nonmeridional points, not all lying in a vertical plane, then their positions in space are fully determined by the horizontal and vertical coordinates of their images on the two retinas. (ii) If just two nonmeridional points are visible, or more than two, lying in a vertical plane, then their retinal images admit, in general, just two distinct three-dimensional interpretations. One of these is usually unrealistic; but a choice between them may be perceptually difficult if the vertical plane containing the points is nearly perpendicular to the interocular axis. These results suggest that vertical disparities may play an important role in the binocular perception of absolute depth. Elsewhere (Mayhew, this issue) this suggestion is found to provide a quantitative explanation of Ogle's ‘induced effect’.

Image Processing Based on Three-Dimensional Stereo Vision

2014 ◽  
Vol 556-562 ◽  
pp. 5017-5020
Author(s):  
Ting Ting Wang
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Binocular Vision ◽  
Stereo Vision ◽  
Error Rate ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Processing Method ◽  
Stereoscopic Vision ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Traditional Model ◽  
Average Error Rate

Three-dimensional stereo vision technology has the capability of overcoming drawbacks influencing by light, posture and occluder. A novel image processing method is proposed based on three-dimensional stereoscopic vision, which optimizes model on the basis of camera binocular vision and in improvement of adding constraints to traditional model, moreover ensures accuracy of later location and recognition. To verify validity of the proposed method, firstly marking experiments are conducted to achieve fruit location, with the result of average error rate of 0.65%; and then centroid feature experiments are achieved with error from 5.77mm to 68.15mm and reference error rate from 1.44% to 5.68%, average error rate of 3.76% while the distance changes from 300mm to 1200mm. All these data of experiments demonstrate that proposed method meets the requirements of three-dimensional imageprocessing.

scholarly journals Research Progress of Automated Visual Surface Defect Detection for Industrial Metal Planar Materials

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 5136
Author(s):  
Xiaoxin Fang ◽  
Qiwu Luo ◽  
Bingxing Zhou ◽  
Congcong Li ◽  
Lu Tian
Keyword(s):  
Defect Detection ◽  
Surface Defect ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Image Features ◽  
Stereoscopic Vision ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Inspection System ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Surface Defect Detection ◽  
Planar Materials

The computer-vision-based surface defect detection of metal planar materials is a research hotspot in the field of metallurgical industry. The high standard of planar surface quality in the metal manufacturing industry requires that the performance of an automated visual inspection system and its algorithms are constantly improved. This paper attempts to present a comprehensive survey on both two-dimensional and three-dimensional surface defect detection technologies based on reviewing over 160 publications for some typical metal planar material products of steel, aluminum, copper plates and strips. According to the algorithm properties as well as the image features, the existing two-dimensional methodologies are categorized into four groups: statistical, spectral, model, and machine learning-based methods. On the basis of three-dimensional data acquisition, the three-dimensional technologies are divided into stereoscopic vision, photometric stereo, laser scanner, and structured light measurement methods. These classical algorithms and emerging methods are introduced, analyzed, and compared in this review. Finally, the remaining challenges and future research trends of visual defect detection are discussed and forecasted at an abstract level.

Incorporation of Depth in Two Dimensional Video Captures

2016 ◽  
pp. 88-109
Author(s):  
Manami Barthakur ◽  
Kandarpa Kumar Sarma
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Video Image ◽  
Stereoscopic Vision ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Video Images ◽  
Current State ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Generic System ◽  
2D To 3D

Stereoscopic vision in cameras is an interesting field of study. This type of vision is important in incorporation of depth in video images which is needed for the ability to measure distances of the object from the camera properly i.e. conversion of two dimensional video image into three dimensional video. In this chapter, some of the basic theoretical aspects of the methods for estimating depth in 2D video and the current state of research have been discussed. These methods are frequently used in the algorithms for estimating depth in the 2D to 3D video techniques. Some of the recent algorithms for incorporation depth in 2D video are also discussed and from the literature review a simple and generic system for incorporation depth in 2D video is presented.

scholarly journals Exploring Multiple and Coordinated Views for Multilayered Geospatial Data in Virtual Reality

Information ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 425
Author(s):  
Maxim Spur ◽  
Vincent Tourre ◽  
Erwan David ◽  
Guillaume Moreau ◽  
Patrick Le Callet
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spatial Multiplexing ◽  
Stereoscopic Vision ◽  
Geospatial Data ◽  
Use Case ◽  
Dimensional Interaction ◽  
Conventional Systems ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Slight Advantage

Virtual reality (VR) headsets offer a large and immersive workspace for displaying visualizations with stereoscopic vision, as compared to traditional environments with monitors or printouts. The controllers for these devices further allow direct three-dimensional interaction with the virtual environment. In this paper, we make use of these advantages to implement a novel multiple and coordinated view (MCV) system in the form of a vertical stack, showing tilted layers of geospatial data. In a formal study based on a use-case from urbanism that requires cross-referencing four layers of geospatial urban data, we compared it against more conventional systems similarly implemented in VR: a simpler grid of layers, and one map that allows for switching between layers. Performance and oculometric analyses showed a slight advantage of the two spatial-multiplexing methods (the grid or the stack) over the temporal multiplexing in blitting. Subgrouping the participants based on their preferences, characteristics, and behavior allowed a more nuanced analysis, allowing us to establish links between e.g., saccadic information, experience with video games, and preferred system. In conclusion, we found that none of the three systems are optimal and a choice of different MCV systems should be provided in order to optimally engage users.

scholarly journals Disruptive coloration and binocular disparity: breaking camouflage

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1896) ◽  
pp. 20182045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy J. Adams ◽  
Erich W. Graf ◽  
Matt Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Stereoscopic Vision ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Edge Enhancement ◽  
Depth Cues ◽  
Disruptive Coloration ◽  
True Shape ◽  
Binocular Depth

Many species employ camouflage to disguise their true shape and avoid detection or recognition. Disruptive coloration is a form of camouflage in which high-contrast patterns obscure internal features or break up an animal's outline. In particular, edge enhancement creates illusory, or ‘fake’ depth edges within the animal's body. Disruptive coloration often co-occurs with background matching, and together, these strategies make it difficult for an observer to visually segment an animal from its background. However, stereoscopic vision could provide a critical advantage in the arms race between perception and camouflage: the depth information provided by binocular disparities reveals the true three-dimensional layout of a scene, and might, therefore, help an observer to overcome the effects of disruptive coloration. Human observers located snake targets embedded in leafy backgrounds. We analysed performance (response time) as a function of edge enhancement, illumination conditions and the availability of binocular depth cues. We confirm that edge enhancement contributes to effective camouflage: observers were slower to find snakes whose patterning contains ‘fake’ depth edges. Importantly, however, this effect disappeared when binocular depth cues were available. Illumination also affected detection: under directional illumination, where both the leaves and snake produced strong cast shadows, snake targets were localized more quickly than in scenes rendered under ambient illumination. In summary, we show that illusory depth edges, created via disruptive coloration, help to conceal targets from human observers. However, cast shadows and binocular depth information improve detection by providing information about the true three-dimensional structure of a scene. Importantly, the strong interaction between disparity and edge enhancement suggests that stereoscopic vision has a critical role in breaking camouflage, enabling the observer to overcome the disruptive effects of edge enhancement.

scholarly journals Neural architectures for stereo vision

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1697) ◽  
pp. 20150261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Parker ◽  
Jackson E. T. Smith ◽  
Kristine Krug
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Cortical Area ◽  
Binocular Disparity ◽  
Ocular Dominance ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Stereoscopic Vision ◽  
Functional Modules ◽  
Repeat Distance ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Cortical Architecture

Stereoscopic vision delivers a sense of depth based on binocular information but additionally acts as a mechanism for achieving correspondence between patterns arriving at the left and right eyes. We analyse quantitatively the cortical architecture for stereoscopic vision in two areas of macaque visual cortex. For primary visual cortex V1, the result is consistent with a module that is isotropic in cortical space with a diameter of at least 3 mm in surface extent. This implies that the module for stereo is larger than the repeat distance between ocular dominance columns in V1. By contrast, in the extrastriate cortical area V5/MT, which has a specialized architecture for stereo depth, the module for representation of stereo is about 1 mm in surface extent, so the representation of stereo in V5/MT is more compressed than V1 in terms of neural wiring of the neocortex. The surface extent estimated for stereo in V5/MT is consistent with measurements of its specialized domains for binocular disparity. Within V1, we suggest that long-range horizontal, anatomical connections form functional modules that serve both binocular and monocular pattern recognition: this common function may explain the distortion and disruption of monocular pattern vision observed in amblyopia. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Vision in our three-dimensional world’.

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