Review of Stereoscopic vision and the difference of retinal images, Eye movement during dizziness, Vision during dizziness, and Visual irradiation.

1907 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. 311-314
Author(s):  
No authorship indicated
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Stereoscopic Vision ◽  
Retinal Images ◽  
The Difference

Age Differences in Eye Movements During Reading: Degenerative Problems or Compensatory Strategy?

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-311
Author(s):  
José David Moreno ◽  
José A. León ◽  
Lorena A. M. Arnal ◽  
Juan Botella
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Eye Movements During Reading

Abstract. We report the results of a meta-analysis of 22 experiments comparing the eye movement data obtained from young ( Mage = 21 years) and old ( Mage = 73 years) readers. The data included six eye movement measures (mean gaze duration, mean fixation duration, total sentence reading time, mean number of fixations, mean number of regressions, and mean length of progressive saccade eye movements). Estimates were obtained of the typified mean difference, d, between the age groups in all six measures. The results showed positive combined effect size estimates in favor of the young adult group (between 0.54 and 3.66 in all measures), although the difference for the mean number of fixations was not significant. Young adults make in a systematic way, shorter gazes, fewer regressions, and shorter saccadic movements during reading than older adults, and they also read faster. The meta-analysis results confirm statistically the most common patterns observed in previous research; therefore, eye movements seem to be a useful tool to measure behavioral changes due to the aging process. Moreover, these results do not allow us to discard either of the two main hypotheses assessed for explaining the observed aging effects, namely neural degenerative problems and the adoption of compensatory strategies.

Configurational Differences in Stereovision

Perception ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 607-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Bacon ◽  
Hans Wallach
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Stereoscopic Vision ◽  
Retinal Images

Retinal disparities which produce perceived depth in stereoscopic vision result from configurational differences in the retinal images in the two eyes of objective three-dimensional arrangements. Experiments reported earlier demonstrated special effectiveness of differences in the alignment in the vertical dimensions of the images of points that are at different depth. Here a stereoscopic experiment is reported where alignment differences were increased without altering disparity. An increase in perceived depth resulted and was measured by estimation and by matching. The reason for the special effectiveness of binocular alignment differences is discussed.

scholarly journals The role of binocular vision in walking

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARY HAYHOE ◽  
BARBARA GILLAM ◽  
KELLY CHAJKA ◽  
ELIA VECELLIO
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Vision ◽  
Monocular Vision ◽  
Stereoscopic Vision ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Extensive Investigation ◽  
Foot Placement ◽  
Walking Performance ◽  
The Difference

AbstractDespite the extensive investigation of binocular and stereoscopic vision, relatively little is known about its importance in natural visually guided behavior. In this paper, we explored the role of binocular vision when walking over and around obstacles. We monitored eye position during the task as an indicator of the difference between monocular and binocular performances. We found that binocular vision clearly facilitates walking performance. Walkers were slowed by about 10% in monocular vision and raised their foot higher when stepping over obstacles. Although the location and sequence of the fixations did not change in monocular vision, the timing of the fixations relative to the actions was different. Subjects spent proportionately more time fixating the obstacles and fixated longer while guiding foot placement near an obstacle. The data are consistent with greater uncertainty in monocular vision, leading to a greater reliance on feedback in the control of the movements.

scholarly journals Does an eye movement make the difference in 3D?

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 158
Author(s):  
Katharina Rifai ◽  
Siegfried Wahl
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
The Difference

scholarly journals Predicting Spatial Visualization Problems’ Difficulty Level from Eye-Tracking Data

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 1949
Author(s):  
Xiang Li ◽  
Rabih Younes ◽  
Diana Bairaktarova ◽  
Qi Guo
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Spatial Visualization ◽  
Difficulty Level ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Multiple Choice Questions ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
E Learning ◽  
The Difference

The difficulty level of learning tasks is a concern that often needs to be considered in the teaching process. Teachers usually dynamically adjust the difficulty of exercises according to the prior knowledge and abilities of students to achieve better teaching results. In e-learning, because there is no teacher involvement, it often happens that the difficulty of the tasks is beyond the ability of the students. In attempts to solve this problem, several researchers investigated the problem-solving process by using eye-tracking data. However, although most e-learning exercises use the form of filling in blanks and choosing questions, in previous works, research focused on building cognitive models from eye-tracking data collected from flexible problem forms, which may lead to impractical results. In this paper, we build models to predict the difficulty level of spatial visualization problems from eye-tracking data collected from multiple-choice questions. We use eye-tracking and machine learning to investigate (1) the difference of eye movement among questions from different difficulty levels and (2) the possibility of predicting the difficulty level of problems from eye-tracking data. Our models resulted in an average accuracy of 87.60% on eye-tracking data of questions that the classifier has seen before and an average of 72.87% on questions that the classifier has not yet seen. The results confirmed that eye movement, especially fixation duration, contains essential information on the difficulty of the questions and it is sufficient to build machine-learning-based models to predict difficulty level.

Comparisons of Proximal Vergence Measures

2020 ◽  
pp. 252-263
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Measurement Method ◽  
Clinical Utility ◽  
T Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Paired T Test ◽  
Vergence Eye Movement

Background: Proximal vergence is defined as a vergence eye movement subtype driven by an “awareness of nearness”. The purpose of this experiment was to compare values of proximal vergence calculated with and without measures of accommodation to assess the clinical utility of each measurement method. Methods: Thirteen participants between the ages of 22 and 37 (mean = 28.5 ± 4.5 years) were enrolled. The distance and near heterophoria were measured using the Modified Thorington technique. The near heterophoria was measured under three randomized viewing conditions (no lenses, +1.00D lenses, +2.50D lenses). Refractive error was measured with an autorefractor. Proximal vergence was calculated as the difference in calculated (far-near) and gradient (+1.00) stimulus AC/A ratios (stimulus AC/A differencing method), the difference in calculated and gradient response AC/A ratios (response AC/A differencing method), and the change in vergence from distance to near with the +2.50D lenses (uncorrected +2.50D method). This latter value was also corrected for any active accommodation with +2.50D lenses (corrected +2.50D method). Results: The mean proximal vergence values (Δ) were 7.82 ± 5.98 (stimulus AC/A differencing method), 8.29 ± 3.30 (response AC/A differencing method), 6.23 ± 3.52 (uncorrected +2.50D method), and 5.13 ± 2.98 (corrected +2.50D method). The only comparison that showed both a significant correlation (p<0.05) and a non-significant difference from the paired t-test (p>0.05) was that between the stimulus AC/A differencing method and the uncorrected +2.50D method. Conclusions: When response accommodation was accounted for, differences occurred in the mean proximal values obtained with the various methods. The means of the methods most likely to be used clinically (stimulus AC/A differencing method and uncorrected +2.50D method) were similar, although some individuals demonstrated significant differences between these methods.

Eye movements and neurocognitive function in treatment resistant schizophrenia: a pilot study

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Thampi ◽  
Clarke Campbell ◽  
Mary Clarke ◽  
Suzanne Barrett ◽  
David J King
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Neuropsychological Test ◽  
Treatment Resistance ◽  
Treatment Resistant ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Resistant Group ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Neuropsychological Impairments

AbstractObjectives: It is increasingly important to develop predictors of treatment response and outcome in schizophrenia. Neuropsychological impairments, particularly those reflecting frontal lobe function, appear to predict poor outcome. Eye movement abnormalities probably also reflect frontal lobe deficits. We wished to see if these two aspects of schizophrenia were correlated and whether they could distinguish a treatment resistant from a treatment responsive group.Methods: Ten treatment resistant schizophrenic patients were compared with ten treatment responsive patients on three eye movement paradigms (reflexive saccades, antisaccades and smooth pursuit), clinical psychopathology (BPRS, SANS and CGI) and a neuropsychological test battery designed to detect frontal lobe dysfunction. Ten aged-matched controls also carried out the eye movement tasks.Results: Both treatment responsive (p = 0.038) and treatment resistant (p = 0.007) patients differed significantly from controls on the antisaccade task. The treatment resistant group had a higher error rate than the treatment responsive group, but the difference was not statistically significant. Similar poor neuropsychological test performance was found in both groups.Conclusions: To demonstrate the biological differences characteristic of treatment resistance, larger sample sizes and wider differences in outcome between the two groups are necessary.

scholarly journals Visual feature tuning of superior colliculus neural reafferent responses after fixational microsaccades

2020 ◽  
Vol 123 (6) ◽  
pp. 2136-2153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Khademi ◽  
Chih-Yang Chen ◽  
Ziad M. Hafed
Keyword(s):  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Short Latency ◽  
Retinal Images ◽  
Visual Feature ◽  
Visual Patterns

Despite being diminutive, microsaccades still jitter retinal images. We investigated how such jitter affects superior colliculus (SC) activity. We found that SC neurons exhibit short-latency visual reafferent bursts after microsaccades. These bursts reflect not only the spatial luminance profiles of visual patterns but also how such profiles are shifted by eye movement size and direction. These results indicate that the SC continuously represents visual patterns, even as they are jittered by the smallest possible saccades.

scholarly journals Eye Movement Sequences during Simple versus Complex Information Processing of Scenes in Autism Spectrum Disorder

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheena K. Au-Yeung ◽  
Valerie Benson ◽  
Monica Castelhano ◽  
Keith Rayner
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Scene Perception ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Movement Sequences ◽  
Complex Information ◽  
Complex Information Processing ◽  
The Difference

Minshew and Goldstein (1998) postulated that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a disorder of complex information processing. The current study was designed to investigate this hypothesis. Participants with and without ASD completed two scene perception tasks: a simple “spot the difference” task, where they had to say which one of a pair of pictures had a detail missing, and a complex “which one's weird” task, where they had to decide which one of a pair of pictures looks “weird”. Participants with ASD did not differ from TD participants in their ability to accurately identify the target picture in both tasks. However, analysis of the eye movement sequences showed that participants with ASD viewed scenes differently from normal controls exclusively for the complex task. This difference in eye movement patterns, and the method used to examine different patterns, adds to the knowledge base regarding eye movements and ASD. Our results are in accordance with Minshew and Goldstein's theory that complex, but not simple, information processing is impaired in ASD.

EXPRESS: Eye Movement Patterns to Social and Non-social Cues in Early Deaf Adults

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182199851
Author(s):  
Claudia Bonmassar ◽  
Francesco Pavani ◽  
Alessio Di Renzo ◽  
Cristina Caselli ◽  
Wieske van Zoest
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Landing Position ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Cue Validity ◽  
Deaf Adults ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Onset Asynchrony

Previous research on covert orienting to the periphery suggested that early profound deaf adults were less susceptible to uninformative gaze cues, though were equally or more affected by non-social arrow cues. The aim of the present work was to investigate whether spontaneous eye movement behaviour helps explain the reduced impact of the social cue in deaf adults. We tracked the gaze of 25 early profound deaf and 25 age-matched hearing observers performing a peripheral discrimination task with uninformative central cues (gaze vs. arrow), stimulus-onset asynchrony (250 vs. 750 ms) and cue-validity (valid vs. invalid) as within-subject factors. In both groups, the cue-effect on RT was comparable for the two cues, although deaf observers responded significantly slower than hearing controls. While deaf and hearing observers eye movement pattern looked similar when the cue was presented in isolation, deaf participants made significantly eye movements than hearing controls once the discrimination target appeared. Notably, further analysis of eye movements in the deaf group revealed that independent of cue-type, cue-validity affected saccade landing position, while latency was not modulated by these factors. Saccade landing position was also strongly related to the magnitude of the validity effect on RT, such that the greater the difference in saccade landing position between invalid and valid trials, the greater the difference in manual RT between invalid and valid trials. This work suggests that the contribution of overt selection in central cueing of attention is more prominent in deaf adults and helps determine the manual performance, irrespective of cue-type.

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