Interocular Transfer in Normal Humans, and Those Who Lack Stereopsis

Perception ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A Movshon ◽  
B E I Chambers ◽  
C Blakemore
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Interocular Transfer ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Stereoscopic Vision ◽  
Tilt Aftereffect ◽  
Developmental Effects ◽  
Dominant Eye ◽  
History Of ◽  
Normal Humans

Interocular transfer of the tilt aftereffect was investigated in normal humans with good stereopsis and in subjects without stereoscopic vision. These latter subjects were divided into two groups: those with and those without a history of strabismus. Strabismic subjects showed grossly reduced interocular transfer of the effect (12% mean transfer). Nonstrabismic subjects had moderate transfer (49%) and normal subjects showed approximately 70% mean transfer. All normal subjects showed greater transfer from the dominant eye to the nondominant than vice versa. The results are discussed with respect to developmental effects in the visual system of cats and humans, and the nature of the tilt aftereffect.

On Interocular Transfer of the Movement Aftereffect in Individuals with and without Normal Binocular Vision

Perception ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J Wade
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Vision ◽  
Interocular Transfer ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reverse Direction ◽  
Movement Aftereffect ◽  
Eye Dominance ◽  
Dominant Eye ◽  
Two Indices ◽  
Normal Binocular Vision

The duration of the movement aftereffect was measured in twenty-four normally binocular subjects and in eighteen subjects who lacked stereopsis as a consequence of childhood strabismus. Aftereffects were generated monocularly and binocularly, and compared to those which occurred after adaptation of one eye and testing with the other. Normal subjects were categorized on two indices of eye dominance, which involved sighting and rivalry tests. The monocular-aftereffect durations were slightly longer when the dominant eye was used, and interocular transfer from the dominant eye to the nondominant eye was greater than the transfer in the reverse direction; however, these differences were not statistically significant. The results from the strabismic subjects suggested that they fell into two distinct groups: one group (seven of the eighteen subjects) experienced no interocular transfer in either direction; the other group did yield some interocular transfer, and it was generally greater after adaptation of the dominant eye and testing the nondominant eye than in the reverse direction. Six of the seven subjects who failed to show any transfer still had misalignment of the visual axes, but this was not the case in any of the subjects exhibiting transfer.

Nonlinear Analysis of Visual Evoked Potentials Elicited by Color Stimulation

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (04/05) ◽  
pp. 315-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Momose ◽  
K. Komiya ◽  
A. Uchiyama
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Visual Evoked Potentials ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Second Order ◽  
First Order ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Perceived Color ◽  
Second Order Nonlinearity ◽  
Visual Evoked

Abstract:The relationship between chromatically modulated stimuli and visual evoked potentials (VEPs) was considered. VEPs of normal subjects elicited by chromatically modulated stimuli were measured under several color adaptations, and their binary kernels were estimated. Up to the second-order, binary kernels obtained from VEPs were so characteristic that the VEP-chromatic modulation system showed second-order nonlinearity. First-order binary kernels depended on the color of the stimulus and adaptation, whereas second-order kernels showed almost no difference. This result indicates that the waveforms of first-order binary kernels reflect perceived color (hue). This supports the suggestion that kernels of VEPs include color responses, and could be used as a probe with which to examine the color visual system.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF ADMINISTRATION OF EPINEPHRINE ON THE LEUKOCYTE COUNTS OF NORMAL SUBJECTS

Blood ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 723-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
COLIN WHITE ◽  
TSUIN HWA LING ◽  
ARNOLD M. KLEIN
Keyword(s):  
Eosinophil Count ◽  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Leukocyte Count ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Total Count ◽  
Subcutaneous Injections ◽  
History Of ◽  
Leukocyte Counts ◽  
Adrenocortical Hormone ◽  
The One

Abstract 1. Thirty-seven normal subjects were given subcutaneous injections of epinephrine, ranging from 0.25 to 0.5 mg., and the effects on the leukocytes were noted. 2. The neutrophils rose steadily for the three and one-half hours during which blood counts were made. The small lymphocytes rose in the first half hour, then fell below normal and finally returned towards normal. The eosinophils rose at first and then fell below normal for the remainder of the period. 3. The three doses of epinephrine used produced effects which differed quantitatively but not qualitatively. The most readily identified effect of the smallest dose was the one-half hour rise in lymphocytes or the one-half hour rise in total count. A dose of 0.5 mg. is satisfactory for work of this kind. 4. Subjects with a history of allergy showed a greater tendency than the remainder to exhibit a one-half hour rise in the eosinophil count. 5. The changes in the leukocyte count produced by epinephrine are similar to, but not identical with, those produced by adrenocortical hormone or adrenocorticotropic hormone.

scholarly journals Diet in Rheumatoid Arthritis versus Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Any Differences?

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 772
Author(s):  
Alessia Alunno ◽  
Francesco Carubbi ◽  
Elena Bartoloni ◽  
Davide Grassi ◽  
Claudio Ferri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Musculoskeletal Diseases ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
History Of ◽  
Indirect Action

In recent years, an increasing interest in the influence of diet in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs) led to the publication of several articles exploring the role of food/nutrients in both the risk of developing these conditions in normal subjects and the natural history of the disease in patients with established RMDs. Diet may be a possible facilitator of RMDs due to both the direct pro-inflammatory properties of some nutrients and the indirect action on insulin resistance, obesity and associated co-morbidities. A consistent body of research has been conducted in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), while studies in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are scarce and have been conducted mainly on experimental models of the disease. This review article aims to outline similarities and differences between RA and SLE based on the existing literature.

The role of vision on postural strategy evaluated in patients affected by congenital nystagmus as an experimental model

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 445-451
Author(s):  
S. Di Girolamo ◽  
W. Di Nardo ◽  
A. Cosenza ◽  
F. Ottaviani ◽  
A. Dickmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Postural Control ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Postural Balance ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Congenital Nystagmus ◽  
Dynamic Posturography ◽  
Normal Controls

The role of vision in postural control is crucial and is strictly related to the characteristics of the visual stimulus and to the performance of the visual system. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of chronically reduced visual cues upon postural control in patients affected by Congenital Nystagmus (CN). These patients have developed since birth a postural strategy mainly based on vestibular and somatosensorial cues. Fifteen patients affected by CN and 15 normal controls (NC) were enrolled in the study and evaluated by means of dynamic posturography. The overall postural control in CN patients was impaired as demonstrated by the equilibrium score and by the changes of the postural strategy. This impairment was even more enhanced in CN than in NC group when somatosensorial cues were experimentally reduced. An aspecific pattern of visual impairment and a pathological composite score were also present. Our data outline that in patients affected by CN an impairment of the postural balance is present especially when the postural control relies mainly on visual cues. Moreover, a decrease in accuracy of the somatosensory cues has a proportionally greater effect on balance than it has on normal subjects.

Kinetic analysis of zinc metabolism and its regulation in normal humans

1986 ◽  
Vol 251 (2) ◽  
pp. R398-R408 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Wastney ◽  
R. L. Aamodt ◽  
W. F. Rumble ◽  
R. I. Henkin
Keyword(s):  
Compartmental Model ◽  
Additional Data ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Zinc Metabolism ◽  
Zinc Intake ◽  
Normal Humans ◽  
Taste And Smell ◽  
Oral Supplement

Zinc metabolism was studied in 32 normal volunteers after oral (n = 25) or intravenous (n = 7) administration of 65Zn. Data were collected from the blood, urine, feces, whole body, and over the liver and thigh regions for 9 mo while the subjects consumed their regular diets (containing 10 mg Zn ion/day) and for an additional 9 mo while the subjects received an exogenous oral supplement of 100 mg Zn ion/day. Data from each subject were fitted by a compartmental model for zinc metabolism that was developed previously for patients with taste and smell dysfunction. These data from normal subjects were used to determine the absorption, distribution, and excretion of zinc and the mass of zinc in erythrocytes, liver, thigh, and whole body. By use of additional data obtained from the present study, the model was refined further such that a large compartment, which was previously determined to contain 90% of the body zinc, was subdivided into two compartments to represent zinc in muscle and bone. When oral zinc intake was increased 11-fold three new sites of regulation of zinc metabolism were identified in addition to the two sites previously defined in patients with taste and smell dysfunction (absorption of zinc from gut and excretion of zinc in urine). The three new sites are exchange of zinc with erythrocytes, release of zinc by muscle, and secretion of zinc into gut. Regulation at these five sites appears to maintain some tissue concentrations of zinc when dietary zinc increases.

Influence of ventilation and hypocapnia on sympathetic nerve responses to hypoxia in normal humans

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 2095-2100 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. K. Somers ◽  
A. L. Mark ◽  
D. C. Zavala ◽  
F. M. Abboud
Keyword(s):  
Sympathetic Nerve ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve Activity ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Inhibitory Influence ◽  
Sympathetic Response ◽  
Normal Humans ◽  
Breathing Room ◽  
Baroreceptor Activation ◽  
Voluntary Apnea

The sympathetic response to hypoxia depends on the interaction between chemoreceptor stimulation (CRS) and the associated hyperventilation. We studied this interaction by measuring sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) to muscle in 13 normal subjects, while breathing room air, 14% O2, 10% O2, and 10% O2 with added CO2 to maintain isocapnia. Minute ventilation (VE) and blood pressure (BP) increased significantly more during isocapnic hypoxia (IHO) than hypocapnic hypoxia (HHO). In contrast, SNA increased more during HHO [40 +/- 10% (SE)] than during IHO (25 +/- 19%, P less than 0.05). To determine the reason for the lesser increase in SNA with IHO, 11 subjects underwent voluntary apnea during HHO and IHO. Apnea potentiated the SNA responses to IHO more than to HHO. SNA responses to IHO were 17 +/- 7% during breathing and 173 +/- 47% during apnea whereas SNA responses to HHO were 35 +/- 8% during breathing and 126 +/- 28% during apnea. During ventilation, the sympathoexcitation of IHO (compared with HHO) is suppressed, possibly for two reasons: 1) because of the inhibitory influence of activation of pulmonary afferents as a result of a greater increase in VE, and 2) because of the inhibitory influence of baroreceptor activation due to a greater rise in BP. Thus in humans, the ventilatory response to chemoreceptor stimulation predominates and restrains the sympathetic response. The SNA response to chemoreceptor stimulation represents the net effect of the excitatory influence of the chemoreflex and the inhibitory influence of pulmonary afferents and baroreceptor afferents.

Fifteen-Year Follow-up of a Behavioral History of Attention Deficit Disorder

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-190
Author(s):  
David C. Howell ◽  
Hans R. Huessy ◽  
Bruce Hassuk
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Social Adjustment ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Attention Deficit Disorder ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Behavioral History ◽  
Twelfth Grade ◽  
History Of

A 15-year longitudinal study of 369 children originally classified in second grade as exhibiting or not exhibiting behaviors commonly associated with attention deficit disorder was made. Diagnostic data were collected on these children in second, fourth, and fifth grades and subsequent school performance was evaluated after ninth and twelfth grades. Interviews were conducted 3 years after their graduation from high school. The ninth and twelfth grade records reveal that those who had previously been identified as showing behavior related to attention deficit disorder later performed significantly more poorly in school and had poorer social adjustment. Interviews in early adulthood continued to reveal differences in outcome between normal subjects and those earlier classified as having attention deficit disorder. Many of these differences could not be directly attributed to poor academic performance. A subgroup of students who were rated favorably by their elementary school teachers were found to perform better during high school than other members of the normal group in academic areas, but they generally did not differ from normal subjects in nonacademic areas.

Effects of vasopressin administration on diuresis of water immersion in normal humans

1981 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 1384-1387 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Epstein ◽  
A. G. DeNunzio ◽  
R. D. Loutzenhiser
Keyword(s):  
Antidiuretic Hormone ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Urinary Flow Rate ◽  
Urinary Flow ◽  
Relative Role ◽  
Normal Humans

Although previous studies have demonstrated that water immersion to the neck (NI) results in a significant diuresis, the mechanisms are incompletely delineated. Because recent studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that NI is associated with a suppression of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), it is possible that such a suppression mediates the encountered diuresis. The present study was undertaken to assess more directly the relative role of ADH suppression by determining the effects of vasopressin administration. Six hydrated normal subjects were studied on two occasions while undergoing 6 h of NI. During the second NI study, aqueous vasopressin (20 mU/h) was infused for the initial 4 h of study (NI + vasopressin). NI resulted in a significant increase in urinary flow rate beginning during hour 1 and persisting throughout NI. In contrast, during NI + vasopressin, the anticipated diuresis was abolished throughout the 4 h of vasopressin administration. Cessation of vasopressin administration during the final 2 h of NI + vasopressin resulted in a marked and prompt diuresis. The present observations are consistent with the formulation that ADH suppression participates importantly in mediating the diuresis of NI in hydrated normal subjects.

Phenylalanine metabolism in control subjects, mental patients, and phenylketonurics

1962 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 985-992 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Sacks
Keyword(s):  
Control Subject ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Activity Ratios ◽  
Normal Humans ◽  
Phenylalanine Metabolism ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Carboxyl Carbon

After injection of dl-phenylalanine-1-C14 or l-phenylalanine-1-C14, C14O2 specific activities in whole blood were frac15–frac13 as high as those after injection of dl-tyrosine-1-C14 or l-tyrosine-1-C14 in normal subjects and chronic psychotic patients. In phenylalanine-C14 studies, tyrosine specific activities were 1/16–1/10 of corresponding phenylalanine specific activities. After injection of l-phenylalanine-1-C14 into two phenylketonuric (PKU) patients, C14O2 activities in one, a child, approximated those in other experiments, whereas they were lower in the adult PKU-patient. Maximal tyrosine specific activity (adult PKU patient) was frac16 the corresponding phenylalanine specific activity. Ratios of specific activities of maximal C14O2 to phenylalanine were similar in the control subject and PKU patient, suggesting that catabolism of phenylalanine proceeds at the same rate in phenylketonuria. Results with l-phenylalanine-U-C14 indicated that more than the carboxyl carbon contributed to blood 14O2. The data suggest that hydroxylation of phenylalanine to form tyrosine may be a minor pathway in intermediary metabolism of phenylalanine in normal humans and in chronic psychotic and phenylketonuric patients. Submitted on April 11, 1962

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