Region, Class, and the Politics of Steel Closures in the European Community

1983 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Hudson ◽  
D Sadler

One expression of the changing international division of labour and the generalized crisis of capitalist production during the 1970s was that the steel industry in the European Community slid into a deep and seemingly intractable crisis with rapidly falling profits or escalating losses. In an attempt to restore profitability, private capital, national states, and the supranational EEC (European Economic Community) initiated a series of severe capacity and employment cuts, which were unevenly distributed within the EEC, concentrated both at national and at regional scales. This distribution was intimately related to the strategies of those directly employed in the steel industry and those indirectly dependent upon steel employment in contesting proposed closure plans. This paper examines in detail anticlosure campaigns in the Northeast of England and in the Nord and Lorraine in France, interpreting them in terms of territory and class as bases for social organization, and attempts to draw some more general theoretical and political implications from these specific cases.

1973 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 647-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dick Wilson

”France and China,” said Alain Peyrefitte, the Gaullist leader, in Peking two years ago, “ are objective allies.” In a broader sense it could be said today that China and the European Community are objective allies - even though they do not yet enjoy a formal relationship. The Chinese leadership has consistently and strongly supported the enlargement of the European Economic Community (EEC) which from the beginning of 1973 has joined Great Britain, the Irish Republic and Denmark to the original six founders (Belgium, France, West Germany, Holland, Italy and Luxembourg) in a venture which promises at long last an institutional framework within which Western Europe could move towards economic and political unity.


1966 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 847-857

Council of Ministers: The European Economic Community (EEC) Council Of Ministers met on July 29–30, 1964, to discuss the fusion of the EEC, the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), and the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). It also discussed the question of Austria's future relations with the Community and instructed the permanent representatives to prepare draft directives to permit the opening of negotiations with Austria on the subject.


1973 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 700-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dick Wilson

”France and China,” said Alain Peyrefitte, the Gaullist leader, in Peking two years ago, “ are objective allies.” In a broader sense it could be said today that China and the European Community are objective allies - even though they do not yet enjoy a formal relationship. The Chinese leadership has consistently and strongly supported the enlargement of the European Economic Community (EEC) which from the beginning of 1973 has joined Great Britain, the Irish Republic and Denmark to the original six founders (Belgium, France, West Germany, Holland, Italy and Luxembourg) in a venture which promises at long last an institutional framework within which Western Europe could move towards economic and political unity.


1966 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 750-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence Scheinman

In his review of the Fifth General Report on the Activity of the European Community the Rapporteur for the European Parliament critically singled out certain aspects of the Commission's style in developing Community policy: the excessive importance it seemed to place on proposing only solutions which had the strongest chance of being adopted by the Council of Ministers instead of maximizing the potentiality of its power of initiative; and, as a corollary, the disturbing tendency toward increasing infusion and influence of national administrations in the policy orientations and decisions of the European Economic Community (EEC).


1958 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-261

The European community treaties establishing the European Economic Community (common market) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) were ratified by Italy on October 9, 1957. by Luxembourg on November 26, by Belgium on November 28 and by the Netherlands on December 5 With the ratification thus completed the treaties came into force on January 1, 1958.


1988 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-189
Author(s):  
Ivan Sipkov

The European Economic Community (EEC), also known as the European Community, the Common Market, and the Community, originated through the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) Treaty. The inaugural agreement was signed in Paris on April 18, 1951, and became effective on July 25, 1952. The original members included Germany, France, Italy, and the Benelux countries of Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. The primary task of the ECSC Treaty was to create a common market for coal and steel by prohibiting all duties on imports and exports and all quantitative and private restraints on competition. This Treaty is considered the first step towards a united Europe. Its decisive innovation was to entitle the Community's institutions established by the Treaty to directly bind member states and enterprises by means of its decisions.


Author(s):  
Alicia de los Ángeles Roda Muñoz

Cuando se firmaron los Tratados de Roma de la Comunidad Económica Europea (CEE) en marzo de 1957, en la CEE no existía una preocupación apremiante por la cuestión medioambiental, por ello, los tratados originales no contenían provisión concreta relativa a la protección del medio ambiente, y tampoco se había atribuido una competencia en esta materia a las instituciones comunitarias. No obstante, el Tratado Constitutivo de la Comunidad Económica del Carbón y del Acero (TCECA) de 1952, ya había tomado en consideración la investigación de ciertos aspectos de la contaminación causada por las industrias del carbón y del acero. Y posteriormente, el Tratado Constitutivo de la Comunidad Europea de la Energía Atómica (TCEEA o EURATOM) de 1957 introdujo, por primera vez, algunas normas básicas de índices de radiación ionizante. Afortunadamente la Comunidad Europea CE fue evolucionando rápidamente y en los años 70 la CE comenzó a desarrollar su primera legislación en este área, principalmente en forma de «directivas », iniciando así un camino imparable. De hecho, poseemos el cuerpo normativo ambiental más extenso del mundo y los Estados miembros (EEMM) basan más del 80% de sus normativas nacionales medioambientales en la legislación comunitaria. El presente artículo hace un recorrido por «las competencias» que tienen atribuidas las instituciones de la Unión Europea (UE) por sus EEMM para conseguir los fines medioambientales que tienen en común, asimismo, se compara el grado de atribución de la competencia medioambiental a través de las reformas de los Tratados comunitarios.When the Treaties of Rome of the European Economic Community (EEC) were signed in Rome in March 1957, it did not exist an imminent concern towards the environmental issue, for that reason, the original Treaties did not contain either a specific provision relative to environmental protection, or a recognized competence of this matter attributed to the communitarian institutions. However, the Treaty establishing the European Community of Coal and Steal (TECSC), in 1952, had already taken into account the investigation of some aspects of the contamination caused by the industries of coal and steel. And after, the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community (TEAEC or EURATOM) in 1957, included, for the very first time, some basic standards of ionizing radiation. Fortunately, the European Community (EC) was progressing quickly on environmental contents. In 70’s decade, the EC began to develop its first legislation in this area, mainly in form of «directives », hence undertaking an unstoppable way. In fact, we possess the most extensive environmental normative body of the world and more of 80% of the environmental national norms of the Member States (MS) are based on the communitarian legislation. The present article mainly makes a route through «the competences », which have been conferred upon the European Union (EU) by its MS in order to attain environmental objectives they have in common. In addition, it is compared the degree of attribution of the environmental competence through the renovation of communitarian Treaties.


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