Urban Growth and Industrial Restructuring: The Case of Pusan

1993 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
J D Lim
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Market ◽  
Industrial Restructuring ◽  
Market Condition ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Restructuring Process ◽  
External Transformation

In this paper is a discussion of the industrial restructuring process associated with changes in the labor-market condition in rapidly developed countries. The author deals with the case of Pusan, Korea, for the empirical verification. Slow growth in the labour supply and quickly rising wages in rapidly developed economies puts pressure on the existing industries and individual firms to restructure. Like other Asian newly industrialized economies, Korea has been experiencing a shortage of labor and rising wages since 1987. Because most of the industries are export oriented, rising wage levels mean declining competitiveness in the world market. Furthermore, a condition of less elastically changing labor supply makes wage levels even higher in every sector in the economy. Industrial restructuring in this sense means finding a way for survival rather than a simple transformation of industries and firms. In terms of a region, restructuring means the regional relocation of industrial activities, the exit of firms from existing industries, or the internal and external transformation of firms by the changed economic conditions, especially in the labor market. Changing labor-market conditions and subsequent changes in industrial structure in Pusan are discussed in this paper. The causes and consequences of industrial restructuring are discussed on the basis of individual industries.

scholarly journals Effect of 1972 Devaluation on Pakistan's Balance of Trade

1975 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
A. R. Kemal ◽  
Zahira Alvie
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Exchange Rate Regime ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Market ◽  
The Other ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Long Run

In most of the developing economies, a rapid growth of G.N.P. invariably implies a larger import bill. Capital goods necessary for development have to be imported and a higher level of income in turn implies an increase in the import of consumption goods. On the other hand, demand for primary goods, which are main exports of developing countries, is inelastic. Moreover, the develop¬ing countries face serious problems in selling their manufactured products in the world market, partly due to their relatively inefficient industrial structure and partly due to the restrictive import policies of the developed countries. This results in a deficit in the balance of payments of many developing countries. To meet the deficit, import restrictions and export encouragement policies are followed instead of devaluation, which is resisted on both economic and non- economic grounds. This study has as its objective an analysis of the effects of the: devaluation of Pakistani rupee in May 1972, which changed the par value of Pakistan's rupee from Rs. 4.76 to Rs. 11.00 per U.S. dollar. Prior to the 1972 devaluation, imports were restricted through tariffs and quotas. In addition, certain pro¬ducts could be imported only under bonus and cash-cum-bonus lists. On the other hand, exports were encouraged through Export Bonus Scheme, Pay-As- You-Earn Scheme, and similar other incentives. These measures led to a multiple exchange rate regime. These measures may have had some beneficial effects in the short run but as Soligo and Stern [26] have shown over the long run, they led to a misallocation of resources. Pakistan devalued her currency in May 1972, as stated by the then Minister of Finance in his speech, to end the flow of foreign exchange abroad, stop over invoicing of imports and under invoicing of exports, correct the misallocation of resources, curb uneconomic import

scholarly journals Global mineral fertilizer market analysis.

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
Natalya Valerievna Dioujeva ◽  
Arina Aleksandrovna Tinkova
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Market ◽  
Market Condition ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Cereal Yields

The article presents an analysis of trends in the dynamics and structure of demand, supply, foreign trade, development factors of the world mineral fertilizer market: nitrogen, phosphate and potash segments. There have been identified the market trend of growing demand for mineral fertilizers, which has increased 6 times since 1961, the fact being connected with the population growth. A model of the correlation between the fertilizers demand growth and arable land scale shows the following correlation: when arable land scale increases by 1%, fertilizer consumption grows by 0.7%, with the determination of 50%. The calculation of changes in using fertilizers in terms of cutting down the arable land area under crops in the Russian Federation compared to the USSR using this model has revealed the fertilizer underutilization which is equal to the half of the amount that could be applied on average in Russia today. Production approached the regions of consumption and was relocated from the developed countries to developing ones. The largest dealers in the world market in 2017 were China, Russia, India, the USA, Canada, Brazil, and market concentration is quite high, especially in the potash segment. The dependence on foreign trade of both exporting and importing countries is high. Analysis of the specific market condition factors showed that the countries with the highest cereal yields in the world do not coincide with the largest fertilizer consumers. Since the cereal yields and the level of using fertilizers per hectare of arable land in the largest mineral fertilizers consuming countries are not directly correlated, the countries aiming to increase yields are less likely to achieve it by increasing their aggregate fertilizer consumption, but using other yields rising methods

The Influence of Growth, Asset Tangibility, Cost of Debt, Profitability and Business Risk On Debt Capital

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 120-127
Author(s):  
Erika Jimena Arilyn ◽  
Beny Beny
Keyword(s):  
Firm Growth ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Cost Of Debt ◽  
Market Condition ◽  
Business Risk ◽  
Debt Capital

Objective –The aims to identify the significant factors that influence a company’s decision to use debt capital. Methodology/Technique – This study uses 5 independent variables namely; firm growth (growth rate in total gross assets), asset tangibility (ratio of net fixed assets to total assets), cost of debt (interest before tax / long term debt), profitability (Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) / Total Asset), and business risk (standard deviation of EBIT to total assets). The dependent variable in this study, debt capital, is measured by the ratio of long-term debt to total assets. A purposive sampling method is used to select 11 out of 18 textile and garment companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange between 2014 and 2018 that report their annual financial positions. A quantitative method, panel data analysis technique and SPSS tools were also used in this study. Findings – The results show that debt capital is influenced by profitability, while the remaining factors do not influence debt capital. Novelty – This study adds to the existing literature on internal factors, market condition as an external factors, and debt capital in developed countries. The benefit of this study is to explore the potential capabilities of the industry in using its profit to minimize the use of debt as a source of capital to decrease business risk. Type of Paper: Empirical Keywords: Profitability; Growth; Cost of Debt; Business Risk; Tangibility; Capital Structure. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Ariyln, E., J; Beny; 2019. The Influence of Growth, Asset Tangibility, Cost Of Debt, Profitability and Business Risk On Debt Capital, Acc. Fin. Review 4 (4): 120 – 127 https://doi.org/10.35609/afr.2019.4.4(4) JEL Classification: G23, G32.

Features of economic development of entrepreneurship in suburban areas of the region

2020 ◽  
pp. 22-25
Author(s):  
Viktoriya Bondarenko
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Market ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
The World

The level of economic development of entrepreneurship in any country in the world is crucial in increasing the competitiveness of the national economy in the world market of goods and services. The activities of economic entities are the driving force for the sustainable development of regions and their suburban areas, and they also impact the welfare of population. The article dwells on the analysis of scientific approaches to the regulation of economic development of enterprises in suburban areas of the region. The article analyzes the scientific approaches to the regulation of economic development of enterprises in suburban areas of the region. According to the well-known classics of the fundamental economic theory of entrepreneurship development (A. Smith, D. Ricardo, V. Laungard, A. Loria) the peculiarities of economic development of entrepreneurship in suburban territories of the region are determined by the possibility of distribution of surplus production, minimum production costs per unit of production, availability of labor resources. In modern economic theory (M. Weber, A. Pre, S.M. Kimelberg, E. Williams, C. Vlachou, O. Iakovidou, J. van Dijk, P. Pellenbarg) the development of entrepreneurship in suburban areas of the region can be determined by institutional, innovation, technological, social, ecological and other features of the economy at the regional, state or world levels. The complex and comprehensive generalization of the features of economic development of entrepreneurship in suburban areas is proposed. There are (1) the type of decision taken by an enterprise to carry out business activities in the relevant suburban area of the region, and (2) the influence of internal and external factors on economic activity. The article argues that large enterprises are guided by more objective decision-making reasons, attaching the most importance to the physical and innovative environment. Medium and small enterprises are mainly focused on getting benefits for the entrepreneur in the short-term time period and location in the nearest geographic area. The attention was paid to the tools of ensuring economic development of entrepreneurship in suburban areas of the region, taking into account institutional changes in the national economy and the experience of developed countries of the world.

Intergenerational Earnings Mobility in Italy

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sauro Mocetti
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Intergenerational Mobility ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Labor Market Success ◽  
Term Labor

Abstract This paper contributes to the growing number of studies on intergenerational mobility by providing a measure of earnings elasticity for Italy. The absence of an appropriate data set is overcome by adopting the two-sample two-stage least squares method. The analysis, based on the Survey of Household Income and Wealth, shows that intergenerational mobility is lower in Italy than it is in other developed countries. We also examine the reasons why the long-term labor market success of children is related to that of their fathers.

scholarly journals Competitiveness as the Ability to Adjust: the EU–10 Exports Structure and Its Convergence to the German Pattern

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-133
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Czarny ◽  
Małgorzata Żmuda
Keyword(s):  
World Trade ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Standard International Trade Classification ◽  
Eu Accession ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
The Eu

Competitiveness of a nation is associated with a set of characteristics that enable structural adjustment to global technological trends, and as a consequence, a rise in the living standard of its citizens. For catching-up economies, GDP convergence towards the most developed economies, constituting their developmental goal, relies upon its ability to shift production and exports structure towards specialization based on knowledge and innovation. Thus, in this paper, competitiveness is evaluated through structural adjustments of exports, and for catching-up economies (the EU–10 states) it may be understood as the ability to close the structural gap to the most developed countries (here: the strongest EU member economy: Germany). We analyse the evolution of the EU–10 nations’ exports specialization in the years 2000 and 2014, checking whether the convergence towards the German exports pattern can be observed, and which of the analysed economies shows the best ability to shift its exports structure towards high-tech specialization. We look additionally at exports structures in 2004 (the year of EU-accession of eight out of 10 countries in the sample) and in 2009 (world trade collapse during the economic crisis). The analysis is based on the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) concept by Balassa (1965). We use the UN Trade Statistics data in the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC), Rev. 4. Commodity groups are classified following the methodology developed by Wysokińska (1997, p. 18).

Declining Physical Activity and the Socio-Cultural Context of the Geography of Industrial Restructuring: A Novel Conceptual Framework

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Rind ◽  
Andy Jones
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Industrial Restructuring ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Industrial Change ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Sociocultural Processes ◽  
Employment Decline

Background:At the population level, the prevalence of physical activity has declined considerably in many developed countries in recent decades. There is some evidence that areas exhibiting the lowest activity levels are those which have undergone a particularly strong transition away from employment in physically demanding occupations. We propose that processes of deindustrialization may be causally linked to unexplained geographical disparities in levels of physical activity. While the sociocultural correlates of physical activity have been well studied, and prior conceptual frameworks have been developed to explain more general patterns of activity, none have explicitly attempted to identify the components of industrial change that may impact physical activity.Methods:In this work we review the current literature on sociocultural correlates of health behaviors before using a case study centered on the United Kingdom to present a novel framework that links industrial change to declining levels of physical activity.Results:We developed a comprehensive model linking sociocultural correlates of physical activity to processes associated with industrial restructuring and discuss implication for policy and practice.Conclusions:A better understanding of sociocultural processes may help to ameliorate adverse health consequences of employment decline in communities that have experienced substantial losses of manual employment.

scholarly journals Tax Arrangement and Regional Industrial Restructuring: Evidence from Panel Data in China

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Jinying Ma ◽  
Xi Zhang ◽  
Feng Tao ◽  
Fuzheng Luo
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Econometric Model ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Industrial Restructuring ◽  
Development Mode ◽  
Secondary Industry ◽  
Regional Industrial Structure

Regional industrial restructuring has been one of the major items in the transformation of economic development mode. An exploration was made into the influence of tax arrangement on the regional industrial structure by setting up a panel data econometric model based on the evaluation and analysis of the regional industrial structure in China. It was shown that tax arrangement influenced the regional industrial restructuring in terms of three aspects. Microlevel: the turnover tax and income tax appeared with a U-path of influence on upgrading of the industrial structure while appearing with an inverted U-path of influence on rationalization of the industrial structure. In addition, the levy of resource tax had a negative impact on both upgrading and rationalization of the industrial structure. Mesolevel: taxation in the secondary and tertiary industries appeared with a U-path of influence on upgrading of the industrial structure. An increase of taxation in the secondary industry had a negative impact on rationalization of the industrial structure. The taxation in the tertiary industry appeared with an inverted U-path of influence on rationalization of the industrial structure. Macrolevel: the macrotax burden had a U-path of influence on both upgrading and rationalization of the industrial structure.

HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE AGE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 82-91
Author(s):  
A. A. SERGEEV ◽  
◽  
E. P. SHIROBOKOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
Human Resources Management ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Market ◽  
Resource Potential ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
Digital Devices ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Main Component

Developed countries are moving to the sixth technological order, which provides for a high proportion of innovations. Russia, possessing a great resource potential, does not fully realize it. The main reasons for the slowdown in digitalization are the incompetence and weak interest of the majority of employees in the implementation of digital technologies, high risks of investment in automation and digitalization of industrial enterprises. The high labor intensity of business processes, the low level of technology and the prevalence of labor of medium and low qualifications do not provide the necessary growth rates of labor productivity and do not stimulate investment in human capital. Information and knowledge are the main values of the digital economy, and their bearer is a person whose value lies in skills, abilities, intuition, as well as the ability to manage the most complex and intelligent digital devices that will never replace people, and people will always remain the main component of digital success. enterprises. The investment of financial resources in human capital remains not only the most relevant, but also the most effective, allowing to increase the competitiveness of the enterprise and increase the value of the human resource in the world market.

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