Research Policy and Review 24. State Science Policy and Economic Development in the United States: A Critical Perspective

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 999-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Rees ◽  
R Bradley
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Science Policy ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Federal Spending ◽  
Critical Perspective ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
The Us

The economic impact of two major recessions in the United States (in the 1970s and early 1980s), together with cutbacks in federal spending during the 1980s, have made individual states more aware of their comparative advantage both in economic and in political terms. As a result, states have become more explicitly concerned with their own science policies and with how technological innovation can enhance their prospects for economic development. In this paper we explore the complex nature of science policy in the US intergovernmental system, examine the rigorous resource allocation issues involved, and look at a number of different types of technology-based economic development policies that have to date grown around the country.

Rethinking U.S. National Security after Covid19

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda J. Bilmes
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
United States ◽  
National Security ◽  
The United States ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Defense Spending ◽  
Federal Spending ◽  
Us Economy ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Military

AbstractThe United States has traditionally defined national security in the context of military threats and addressed them through military spending. This article considers whether the United States will rethink this mindset following the disruption of the Covid19 pandemic, during which a non-military actor has inflicted widespread harm. The author argues that the US will not redefine national security explicitly due to the importance of the military in the US economy and the bipartisan trend toward growing the military budget since 2001. However, the pandemic has opened the floodgates with respect to federal spending. This shift will enable the next administration to allocate greater resources to non-military threats such as climate change and emerging diseases, even as it continues to increase defense spending to address traditionally defined military threats such as hypersonics and cyberterrorism.

scholarly journals McDonald's — Much Maligned, But an Engine of Economic Development

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 1850123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian E. Tschoegl
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
The United States ◽  
External Effects ◽  
Fast Food Industry ◽  
The Us ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Backward Linkages

Critics have excoriated the US fast-food industry in general, and McDonald's most particularly, both per se and as a symbol of the United States. However, examining McDonald's internationalization and development abroad suggests that McDonald's and the others of its ilk are sources of development for mid-range countries. McDonald's brings training in management, encourages entrepreneurship directly through franchises and indirectly through demonstration effects, creates backward linkages that develop local suppliers, fosters exports by their suppliers, and has positive external effects on productivity and standards of service, cleanliness, and quality in the host economies.

scholarly journals Expropriations of Private Property for Economic ‘Development’ in the United States: Re-Thinking the Titling and Rule of Law Solutions to Land Grabs in the Global South

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances Thomson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Private Property ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global South ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
For Profit ◽  
The Us ◽  
Definition Of

Mainstream discourses tend to treat land dispossession as a ‘developing’ country problem that arises due to weak/corrupt legal systems and inadequate property institutions. This article unsettles such discourses by examining expropriations for economic ‘development’ in the United States —a country typically deemed to have strong property institutions and a strong rule of law. Drawing on various examples, I propose that expropriation in the us is neither rigorously conditional nor particularly exceptional. While most ‘takings’ laws are supposed to restrict the State’s power, this restriction hinges on the definition of public use, purpose, necessity, or interest. And in many countries, including the us, these concepts are now defined broadly and vaguely so as to include private for-profit projects. Ultimately, the contents, interpretation, and application of the law are subject to social and political struggles; this point is habitually overlooked in the rule of law ‘solutions’ to land grabbing—. For these reasons, titling/registration programs and policies aimed at strengthening the rule of law, even if successful, are likely to transform rather than ‘solve’ dispossession in the global South.

scholarly journals Development of Glatopa® (Glatiramer Acetate): The First FDA-Approved Generic Disease-Modifying Therapy for Relapsing Forms of Multiple Sclerosis

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 481-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Bell ◽  
James Anderson ◽  
Tanmoy Ganguly ◽  
James Prescott ◽  
Ishan Capila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Glatiramer Acetate ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
The United States ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Disease Modifying Therapy ◽  
The Us ◽  
Disease Modifying

The multiple sclerosis (MS) treatment landscape in the United States has changed dramatically over the past decade. While many disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of relapsing forms of MS, DMT costs continue to rise. The availability of generics and biosimilars in the MS-treatment landscape is unlikely to have a major impact on clinical benefit. However, their availability will provide alternative treatment options and potentially lower costs through competition, thus increasing the affordability of and access to these drugs. In April 2015, the first generic version of the complex drug glatiramer acetate (Glatopa® 20 mg/mL) injection was approved in the United States as a fully substitutable generic for all approved indications of the 20 mg/mL branded glatiramer acetate (Copaxone®) dosage form. Despite glatiramer acetate’s complex nature—being a chemically synthesized (ie, nonbiologic) mixture of peptides—the approval occurred without conducting any clinical trials. Rather, extensive structural and functional characterization was performed to demonstrate therapeutic equivalence to the innovator drug. The approval of Glatopa signifies an important milestone in the US MS-treatment landscape, with the hope that the introduction of generic DMTs and eventually biosimilar DMTs will lead to future improvements in the affordability and access of these much-needed treatments for MS.

The Growth Machine across the United States: Business Actors’ Influence on Communities’ Economic Development and Limited–Government Austerity Policies

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 462-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lazarus Adua ◽  
Linda Lobao
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Local Economic Development ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Growth Machine ◽  
Limited Government ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
Scale Down

The growth machine (GM) perspective has long guided urban research. Our study provides a new extension of this perspective, focusing on local business actors’ influence on communities across the United States. We question whether GM–oriented business actors remain widely associated with contemporary local economic development policies, and further, whether these actors influence the use of limited–government austerity policies. Conceptually, we extend the GM framework by bringing it into dialogue with the literature on urban austerity policy. The analysis draws from the urban–quantitative tradition of large–sample studies and assesses localities across the nation using the empirical case of county governments. We find local real estate owners, utilities, and other business actors broadly influence U.S. localities’ economic development policies. We also find some evidence that these actors’ influences in local governance are related to the use of such cutback policies as hiring freezes, capping of social services, expenditure cutbacks, and sale of public assets. Local Chambers of Commerce are particularly associated with cutback policies. Overall, the findings suggest that where local GM actors are influential, communities are more likely to adopt business–oriented economic development policies, limit the growth of social services for the less affluent, and scale–down the public sector.

scholarly journals Inclusive Science Policy and Economic Development in the 21st Century: The Case for Rural America

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Crain
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Science Policy ◽  
21St Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Agenda ◽  
Great Success ◽  
Equal Opportunities ◽  
Rural America ◽  
Scientific Innovation

While many of the original recommendations of Vannevar Bush’s Science—The Endless Frontier report were implemented with great success in the twentieth century, the benefits of scientific innovation have not been fully realized in all corners of the United States. In particular, rural America persistently lags behind other locales in terms of scientific investment and economic development. In the coming decades, more place-conscious science policy will be needed to provide equal opportunities—and equal benefits—to all. This article highlights some of the current challenges relevant to science policy that are faced by rural America, with a specific emphasis on educational policy. The author offers recommendations for a more geographically inclusive science policy agenda and contends that rural equity should be a key priority for science policymakers in the United States.

scholarly journals An Analysis of the Economic Impact of US Presidential Elections Based on Principal Component and Logical Regression

Complexity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Jing-Jing Wang ◽  
Yan Liang ◽  
Jin-Tao Su ◽  
Jia-Ming Zhu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Presidential Election ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
The United States ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Presidential Election ◽  
The Impact

Economy is one of the major issues in the United States presidential election campaign. In order to investigate the impact of the US presidential election on the economy, this paper first constructs an analysis model of the economic impact on the United States based on stepwise regression and principal component analysis to analyze the focus of different candidates’ attention on the economic issues and its possible impact on the US economy in the election year and after the election; secondly, a Chinese economic impact analysis model based on factor analysis and machine learning logistic regression was constructed to analyze the impact of the US presidential election on the Chinese economy. At the same time, the future economic development of the United States and China based on the time series prediction model is forecast and analyzed, respectively. Finally, the countermeasures and policy suggestions on China’s related economic development are put forward.

Water in the Modern Era

2019 ◽  
pp. 65-88
Author(s):  
Edward B. Barbier
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Water Crisis ◽  
Human History ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
The Us ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Global Water

This chapter looks at the use of water in the modern economy, focusing on the period from the 1900s to the present day. Throughout human history, economic progress has been linked with increased water appropriation, control, and use. The global spread of industrialization from the 1900s onward further cemented this association. As a consequence, in today's economies, institutions, incentives, and innovations are geared toward finding and exploiting more freshwater resources. The result is an emerging global water crisis, which is predominantly a crisis of inadequate and poor water management. In the modern era, the global model for economic development has been the United States, and subsequently, many countries emulated the US approach to harnessing its water resources. Thus, how water management evolved in the US and other economies during the modern era has set the stage for today's water paradox.

The Politics of Prohibition

2019 ◽  
pp. 44-84
Author(s):  
James Tharin Bradford
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
Drug Control ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
World War ◽  
High Quality ◽  
The Us

This chapter looks at Afghanistan’s involvement in the legal trade of opium and why Afghanistan eventually banned production and sale. During the 1930s and 1940s, Afghanistan actively traded opium with a host European and Asian countries, and by World War II, increased opium exports to the United States. This proved critical to the future of drug control. Although Afghanistan proved to have an abundance of high-quality opium, American officials feared the Afghan government lacked control. In an effort to solidify international drug controls, the US agreed to expand diplomatic relations and invest heavily in economic development, in exchange for Afghanistan prohibiting drugs in 1945. Although the prohibition failed, it was the first instance of Afghanistan using drug control as a means improving diplomatic channels to help build the Afghan state.

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