Reilly's Challenge: New Laws of Retail Gravitation Which Define Systems of Central Places

1978 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Batty
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Spatial Competition ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Market Area ◽  
Urban Hierarchy ◽  
Spatial Interaction Models ◽  
Market Areas ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
New Evidence

This paper attempts a reformulation and generalisation of Reilly's (1931) law of retail gravitation. Reilly himself challenged workers in the field to produce new evidence which would refute or strengthen his law, and developments in spatial-interaction theory during the last decade are used here in taking up this challenge. A critique of Reilly's law sets the scene: By adopting a gravity model more general than the Newtonian model used by Reilly, it is shown how the limitations of the law with respect to hierarchy, spatial competition, locational size, and the symmetry of trade flows, are overcome. In particular the notion of Reilly's law as a special case of the market-area analysis originating from Fetter (1924) and Hotelling (1929) is demonstrated in terms of a theory of the breakpoint implying spatial price–cost indifference. Another approach, through entropy-maximisation and its dual problem, leads to similar conclusions with regard to prices, and it also serves to introduce multicentred spatial competition. These ideas are then generalised in several ways: through notions about the influence of prior spatial information, through concepts of consumer as well as producer market areas or fields, and through the implications of the analysis for the family of spatial-interaction models. A speculation on the relationship of price differentials to Tobler's (1975) interaction winds is made, and the paper is concluded with an application of these models to the definition of an urban hierarchy in the Reading subregion.

Market-Area Analysis and Accessibility to Primary Health-Care Centres

1992 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1009-1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Martin ◽  
H C W L Williams
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Market Area ◽  
Spatial Interaction Models ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Patterns Of Use ◽  
Market Areas

In this paper, postcoded data are used to develop spatial interaction models for the registration of individuals with different health centres. With use of a cell-based representation of urban space, indices of accessibility to and market areas for such services are devised. The empirical work relates to a study area in the City of Bristol, and reveals patterns of use of general practitioners at a level of detail not previously available. Some implications for locational planning in the primary health-care sector are also considered.

Ways and Voices in the Psychoanalysis of Links According to Enrique Pichon-Rivière

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Jaitin
Keyword(s):  
Couple Therapy ◽  
Clinical Observation ◽  
Clinical Work ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Different Levels

This article covers several stages of the work of Pichon-Rivière. In the 1950s he introduced the hypothesis of "the link as a four way relationship" (of reciprocal love and hate) between the baby and the mother. Clinical work with psychosis and psychosomatic disorders prompted him to examine how mental illness arises; its areas of expression, the degree of symbolisation, and the different fields of clinical observation. From the 1960s onwards, his experience with groups and families led him to explore a second path leading to "the voices of the link"—the voice of the internal family sub-group, and the place of the social and cultural voice where the link develops. This brought him to the definition of the link as a "bi-corporal and tri-personal structure". The author brings together the different levels of the analysis of the link, using as a clinical example the process of a psychoanalytic couple therapy with second generation descendants of a genocide within the limits of the transferential and countertransferential field. Body language (the core of the transgenerational link) and the couple's absences and presence during sessions create a rhythm that gives rise to an illusion, ultimately transforming the intersubjective link between the partners in the couple and with the analyst.

Light and Sensitivity: Love in the Time of the Daguerreotype

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Czeczot
Keyword(s):  
Male Gaze ◽  
History Of Photography ◽  
Sensitive Material ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Point Of Departure ◽  
Passive Object

The article deals with the love of Zygmunt Krasiński to Delfina Potocka. The point of departure is the poet's definition of love as looking and reads Krasiński's relationship with his beloved in the context of two phenomena that fascinated him at the time: daguerreotype and magnetism. The invention of the daguerreotype in which the history of photography and spiritism comes together becomes a pretext for the formulation of a new concept of love and the loving subject. In the era of painting the woman was treated as a passive object of the male gaze; photography reverses this scheme of power. Love ceases to be a static relationship of the subject in love and the passive object – the beloved. The philosophy of developing photographs (and invoking phantoms) allows Krasiński - the writing subject to become like a light-sensitive material that reveals the image of the beloved.

On the Relationship between Alonso's Theory of Movement and Wilson's Family of Spatial-Interaction Models

1981 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Ledent
Keyword(s):  
Input Data ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
System Of Equations ◽  
Interaction Models ◽  
Spatial Interaction Models ◽  
Standard Family ◽  
Original Contribution ◽  
Standard Models ◽  
The Relationship

This paper compares the system of equations underlying Alonso's theory of movement with that of Wilson's standard family of spatial-interaction models. It is shown that the Alonso model is equivalent to one of Wilson's four standard models depending on the assumption at the outset about which of the total outflows and/or inflows are known. This result turns out to supersede earlier findings—inconsistent only in appearance—which were derived independently by Wilson and Ledent. In addition to this, an original contribution of this paper—obtained as a byproduct of the process leading to the aforementioned result—is to provide an exact methodology permitting one to solve the Alonso model for each possible choice of the input data.

Organizing for Influence: The Relationship of Structure to Impact

1987 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-116
Author(s):  
Sheila M. Neysmith
Keyword(s):  
Participant Observation ◽  
Organizational Structures ◽  
Allocation Policy ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Policy Statements ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
External Forces ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Relationship Of

ABSTRACTThis case study is an analysis of a mandated municipal senior's group. Earlier work has suggested that variability in effectiveness is related to organizational structures, external forces and the level of institutional change sought.In this study information was obtained on the political, economic and social context within which the group operated; its organizational composition and structure; its objectives and strategies employed to achieve these; and resources available to the group. Outcome was assessed in terms of impact on programs, resource allocation, policy statements, changes in the definition of issues, and influence on decision makers. Data collection methods included non-participant observation; taped interviews with group members and leaders; key informants in the community; and content analysis of written committee documents.

Effects of scale in spatial interaction models

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Arbia ◽  
Francesca Petrarca
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Interaction Models ◽  
Spatial Interaction Models

scholarly journals Serum IGF1, metabolic syndrome, and incident cardiovascular disease in older people: a population-based study

2013 ◽  
Vol 168 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christa C van Bunderen ◽  
Mirjam M Oosterwerff ◽  
Natasja M van Schoor ◽  
Dorly J H Deeg ◽  
Paul Lips ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Older People ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam ◽  
Aging Study ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

ObjectiveHigh as well as low levels of IGF1 have been associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The relationship of IGF1 with (components of) the metabolic syndrome could help to clarify this controversy. The aims of this study were: i) to investigate the association of IGF1 concentration with prevalent (components of) the metabolic syndrome; and ii) to examine the role of (components of) the metabolic syndrome in the relationship between IGF1 and incident CVD during 11 years of follow-up.MethodsData were used from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam, a cohort study in a representative sample of the Dutch older population (≥65 years). Data were available in 1258 subjects. Metabolic syndrome was determined using the definition of the US National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. CVD were ascertained by self-reports and mortality data.ResultsLevels of IGF1 in the fourth quintile were associated with prevalent metabolic syndrome compared with the lowest quintile (odds ratio: 1.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09–2.33). The middle up to the highest quintile of IGF1 was positively associated with high triglycerides in women. Metabolic syndrome was not a mediator in the U-shaped relationship of IGF1 with CVD. Both subjects without the metabolic syndrome and low IGF1 levels (hazard ratio (HR) 1.75, 95% CI 1.12–2.71) and subjects with the metabolic syndrome and high IGF1 levels (HR 2.28, 95% CI 1.21–4.28) demonstrated increased risks of CVD.ConclusionsIn older people, high-normal IGF1 levels are associated with prevalent metabolic syndrome and high triglycerides. Furthermore, this study suggests the presence of different pathomechanisms for both low and high IGF1 levels and incident CVD.

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