The Distribution of Benefits in Road-Investment Appraisal

1978 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-15
Author(s):  
J S Dodgson
Keyword(s):  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Investment Planning ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Investment Appraisal ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Distributional Impact ◽  
Project Level

This paper discusses the problems involved in allowing for distributional considerations in road-investment appraisal. The first part demonstrates how existing traffic models can be modified in order to evaluate the distributional impact of benefits to leisure-time travellers in different income groups and different areas. In addition, it outlines the difficulties involved in estimating the distributional impact of benefits to travellers in working time, of freight-traffic benefits, and of accident benefits. The second part of the paper discusses the alternative approach of allowing for distributional considerations at the sector level, rather than at the individual project level. A model for determining a cut-off benefit–cost ratio for projects with particular distributional consequences is outlined, and is illustrated by reference to interurban road-investment planning in the United Kingdom.

scholarly journals The Benefit-Cost Ratio as a Decision Criteria When Managing Catastrophes

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-363
Author(s):  
Kine Josefine Aurland-Bredesen
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Risk Aversion ◽  
Optimal Policy ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Relative Risk Aversion ◽  
Decision Criteria ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Benefit Cost

Abstract Previous work has shown that when projects are non-marginal, it creates an interdependence among projects. This implies that policies to manage catastrophes should not be evaluated in isolation but in conjunction with each other. As long as relative risk aversion is sufficiently high, the benefits of averting one catastrophe depend positively on the background risk created by other catastrophes. This specific bias makes it possible to create upper and lower boundaries on the willingness to pay to manage catastrophes and the optimal policy. These boundaries can be used to make inferences on which catastrophes should be averted and not, and in which order. The upper and lower boundaries depend only on the individual catastrophe’s benefit-cost ratio and the coefficient of risk aversion, which both are easy to identify using standard economic frameworks.

scholarly journals E-Skin Bimodal Sensors for Robotics and Prosthesis Using PDMS Molds Engraved by Laser

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreia dos Santos ◽  
Nuno Pinela ◽  
Pedro Alves ◽  
Rodrigo Santos ◽  
Ricardo Farinha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Laser Engraving ◽  
Pressure Sensing ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Piezoresistive Sensors ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
High Benefit ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

Electronic skin (e-skin) is pursued as a key component in robotics and prosthesis to confer them sensing properties that mimic human skin. For pressure monitoring, a great emphasis on piezoresistive sensors was registered due to the simplicity of sensor design and readout mechanism. For higher sensitivity, films composing these sensors may be micro-structured, usually by expensive photolithography techniques or low-cost and low-customizable molds. Sensors commonly present different sensitivities in different pressure ranges, which should be avoided in robotics and prosthesis applications. The combination of pressure sensing and temperature is also relevant for the field and has room for improvement. This work proposes an alternative approach for film micro-structuration based on the production of highly customizable and low-cost molds through laser engraving. These bimodal e-skin piezoresistive and temperature sensors could achieve a stable sensitivity of −6.4 × 10−3 kPa−1 from 1.6 kPa to 100 kPa, with a very robust and reproducible performance over 27,500 cycles of objects grasping and releasing and an exceptionally high temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of 8.3%/°C. These results point toward the versatility and high benefit/cost ratio of the laser engraving technique to produce sensors with a suitable performance for robotics and functional prosthesis.

scholarly journals Economics of production and marketing of wheat in Rupandehi district of Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-245
Author(s):  
Meena Kharel ◽  
Yuga Nath Ghimire ◽  
Krishna Prasad Timsina ◽  
Surya Prasad Adhikari ◽  
Sanjiv Subedi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Group Discussion ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Individual Market ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Marketing Margins

Wheat is the third most important cereal crop of Nepal after rice and maize in terms of area. The study on profitability and marketing of wheat was conducted in the Rupandehi district in 2019. The household survey, focus group discussion, interview with the individual market actors such as input suppliers, producers, collectors, wholesalers, millers, and retailers in selected clusters was carried out. The study showed that the Benefit-Cost Ratio of wheat production (BCR) was 1.87. The marketing margins at three different levels of marketing farm-wholesale, wholesale-retail, and farm-retail were also analyzed. The farm-retail marketing margin was found highest (31.42%) and the farm-wholesale marketing margins were less (15.78%). The producers’ share in consumer price was 68.5% and the total gross margin was 56.36%.  This showed if value-added activities are absent in the chain, the shorter chain can provide a higher margin to farmers by bypassing the intermediaries.

scholarly journals FEASIBILITY OF INVESTMENT DEVELOPMENT SYUKURAN AMINUDDIN AMIR AIRPORT LUWUK

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-50
Author(s):  
Hamzah ◽  
Fahira ◽  
Nirmalawati
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Economic Calculation ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Investment Appraisal ◽  
A Value ◽  
Break Even Point ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
The Town

Air transport in the town of Luwuk Banggai has increased significantly, this can be seen with increasing volume flight Syukuran Aminuddin Amir Airport average of 17.59% per year to various regions in the country and has the infrastructure facilities that can accommodate as many as 219261 average passengers/year with a percentage of 17.67% per year. The results of the research can be used to determine the feasibility of investing in the development of an airport by using economic calculation engineering and value advantage of the extension of the runway to 3000 m complete with other facilities with competing methods will be applied as follows: Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and payback period. From the results of investment appraisal using the NPV method results obtained IDR.79,002,433,592.00 with methods derived into 36.142% IRR greater than 15% and Profitability Index (PI) has a value of 1.126 that is greater than 1 and analysis Payback Period (PP) was obtained within 15 years to reach the Break-Even Point.  

Comparative Effectiveness Of Seed Treating And Foliar Insecticides Against Sucking Pests Of Cotton And Impact On Their Natural Enemies

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
SMA Hossain ◽  
MA Baque ◽  
MR Amin
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Thrips Population ◽  
Cotton Cultivar

The Imidacloprid insecticide, Gaucho 70 WS at 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 and 5.5 g/kg seed was used as seed treatment and monocrotophos 40 WSC at 1120 ml/ha was applied as foliar spray on CB9 cotton cultivar to suppress aphid, whitefly and thrips, and impact on their natural enemies during 2008-2011 at the Regional Cotton Research Station, Dinajpur, Bangladesh. The activity of natural enemies, such as ladybird beetle, lacewing, syrphid, and spider population on the sucking pests attacking cotton cultivar CB9 and yield of cotton were recorded. Imidacloprid significantly reduced aphid, whitefly, and thrips population on cotton crops compared to untreated control or foliar spray of monocrotophos 40 WSC at 1120 ml/ha. Ladybird beetles, lacewings, syrphids, and spiders were abundant in the field but their population decreased in the treated plots compared to untreated control. The CB9 cotton cultivar produced significantly higher yield (1.73 t/ha) with a benefit cost ratio 12.47 when seeds were treated with Imidacloprid at 5.5 g/kg fuzzy seed. This study indicated that Imidacloprid (Gaucho 70 WS) used as a seed treatment may be suggested to the cotton growers for controlling sucking pests. Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 38(1): 61-70, March 2013 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v38i1.15190

EVALUASI TERHADAP PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH DALAM MENINGKATKAN PELAYANAN ASET DI KOTA PEMATANGSIANTAR

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 240
Author(s):  
Novdin M Sianturi
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Internal Rate ◽  
Benefit Cost

Abstrak: Pengelolaan sampah di Kota Pematangsiantar masih bertumpu pada pendekatan akhir (kumpul-angkut-buang), dengan tingkat pelayanan yang rendah, sehingga untuk meningkatkan pelayanan sampah, perlu dilakukan pemilahan di tempat penampungan sementara (TPS). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji sistem pengelolaan sampah dengan melakukan pemilihan di TPS dapat meningkatkan pelayanan aset persampahan sampai tahun  2015 secara teknis operasional dan dari aspek keuangan. Analisa teknis operasional aset pengelolaan sampah mulai dari pewadahan, pengumpulan dan pengangkutan sedangkan analisa keuangan dan analisa kelayakan menggunakan Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return, Benefit/Cost Ratio, dan Payback Period. Dari hasil analisa tersebut diperoleh suatu sistem pengelolaan sampah dengan pemilihan di TPS berdasarkan zona pelayanan dengan skala prioritas secara bertahap daritahun 2013-2017, dapat meningkatkan cakupan pelayanan sampah eksisting rata-rata 6,69 %, cakupan pelayanan TPS eksisting rata-rata 8,29 %, dan cakupan pelayanan truk pengangkut sampah eksisting rata-rata 12,03 %. Investasinya layak, diperoleh Net Cashflow pada tahun 2020 sebesar Rp 1.720.242.284,-, NPV suku bunga 15 % bernilai positif, IRR > MARR 15 %,  B/C Ratio > 1, dan PP 4,7 tahun, lebih pendek dari periode investasi 10 tahun. Dari Metode penelitian ini maka pengumpulan data, observasi lapangan dan pengukuran contoh timbulan sampah dengan sampel 4 TPS perumahan yang terlayani pengangkutan.

Profitability and Efficiency Analyses of Small Scale Rice processing units in Ngoketunjia Division, North West Region, Cameroon.

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-182
Author(s):  
Bime M.J ◽  
Fon D.E ◽  
Ngalim S.B ◽  
Ongla J
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Parboiled Rice ◽  
North West ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Rice Processing

Rice production and processing over the years has been on an increase with more small holders entering the business. This study on profitability of processing and marketing of small scale rice processors had as objective to analyse the profitability levels of rice processing and marketing by small scale processors, determine the value added to the commodity at each stage  and also identify the constraints faced by these processors. The study used primary data collected using well-structured questionnaire from millers only, miller traders for white/parboiled rice through a multistage sampling technique. Results showed that the net processing income (3,151,201), value added (8,147,456) and efficiency (138) for miller-traders of white rice was highest, followed by miller-traders for parboiled rice and lastly millers only. Results further showed that millers only had Benefit/cost ratio of 0.4 indicating that milling only is not profitable due to small quantities milled, and high fixed cost. Miller-traders for parboiled rice had a benefit/cost ratio of 2.3 implying that their venture is most profitable. Based on the results, it was recommended that millers only should purchase large quantities of paddy to enable them reduce the overhead cost. Also the services of parboilers should reflect in the sales price of parboiled rice so that the parboiling services can be paid for.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DOSES OF BORON ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF OFF-SEASON CAULIFLOWER (BRASSICA OLERACEA VAR. BOTRYTIS) IN ARGHAKHANCHI, NEPAL

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-17
Author(s):  
Srijana Pandey ◽  
Sapana Parajuli ◽  
Biplov Oli ◽  
Surya Dhungana
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Different Doses

The research was conducted at Beltari Sandhikharka-10, Arghakhanchi district to study about the effect of various doses of boron on growth and yield attributing characters of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) during off-season from February to June in 2020. Five treatments; B0 (control/no application), B1: 2kg/ha, B2: 4kg/ha, B3: 6kg/ha, B4: 8kg/ha which are the different doses of boron application were laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 4 replications. The growth parameters like plant height, number of leaves per plant leaf length and leaf breadth of largest leaf were recorded multiple times with 15 days interval. Days to curd initiation and Days from curd initiation to harvest were recorded by regular field observation. The yield parameters; curd weight with leaves, Marketable curd weight, average curd yield, incidence of hollowing were recorded during harvest. The economics from application of boron doses in cauliflower production was obtained in terms of cost of cultivation, gross returns, net returns, and benefit cost ratio. The result showed that the growth and yield attributing characters of cauliflower were significantly affected by application of boron in which the value of these parameters was found significantly higher in B1 followed by other treatments. The average curd yield of cauliflower in B1 was found to be 12.39 mt/ha which was 48.92% higher than that of B0 with curd yield 8.32 mt/ha. Similarly, the net return was found significantly the highest in B1 and the lowest in B0. The result showed that application of boron in the range of 2-4 kg/ha is preferred to control and higher doses in respect of both productivity and economics.

KELAYAKAN USAHA PENANGKAPAN IKAN MENGGUNAKAN JARING INSANG (GILL NET) DI WADUK JATIGEDE KABUPATEN SUMEDANG

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-14
Author(s):  
Wahyu Setiawan ◽  
Atikah Nurhayati ◽  
Titin Herawati ◽  
Asep Agus Handaka
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Gill Net ◽  
Business Analysis ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Profit Value

Gill net is one of the fishing gear used by Jatigede Reservoir fisherman. The purpose of this research is to analyzed the feasibility of fish catching business with gill net in Jatigede Reservoir. This research was conducted by used data collection method (observation, questioner, literature study) and method of data analysis (feasibility business analysis). The benefits of this research is expected to be informations and references for the research who will expand a fishing business with gill net at Jatigede Reservoir. The result of feasibility of fish catching business with gill net at Jatigede Reservoir is profit value Rp. 70.890.000, Break Event Point price and production (all species of fish) Rp. 4.154/kg and 2.136kg in a year, Benefit Cost Ratio 3,37, Payback Period 2 months and Net Present Value >1 Rp. 52.820.243, the fish catching business using gill net at Jatigede Reservoir is feasible to be developed.

PENINGKATAN KINERJA SIMPANG MELALUI MANAJEMEN HAMBATAN SAMPING DAN PENGATURAN ARUS LALU LINTAS

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Rama Dwi Aryandi ◽  
Ari Sandhyavitri ◽  
Reni Suryanita
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Traffic Light ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Benefit Cost

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tingkat pelayanan simpang berdasarkan data lalu lintas simpang tersebut apakah derajat jenuhnya sudah melewati ambang batas DS = 0,75, jika nilai DS>0,75, akan dikaji penerapan beberapa alternatif penanganan untuk meningkatkan tingkat pelayanan simpang, untuk kemudian dipilih lagi alternatif terbaik untuk jangka pendek, menengah dan panjang. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode traffic counting, sedangkan untuk pengkajian alternatif penanganan simpang secara teknik menggunakan metode MKJI 1997, secara ekonomi menggunakan metode LAPI ITB, analisa nilai waktu dengan nilai waktu hasil penelitian Dirjen Bina Marga dan analisa biaya investasi dengan analisa Benefit Cost Ratio dan Net Present Value.  Dari tiga alternatif manajemen lalu lintas yang diajukan, hanya alternatif ke-3 yaitu kombinasi peniadaan hambatan samping, pelarangan belok kiri dan optimasi traffic light  yang menghasilkan nilai DS<0,75 untuk kondisi eksisting, sedangkan untuk tahun 2020 nilai DS-nya adalah 0,79 untuk Hari Selasa dan 0,83 untuk Hari Rabu. Sedangkan dengan alternatif pembangunan flyover, untuk jangka pendek atau 5 tahun nilai BCR dan NPV-nya 1,25 dan 48,9 milyar rupiah, tahun ke-10  2,29 dan 256,4 milyar rupiah, serta tahun ke-15 3,35 dan 472,19 milyar rupiah, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa pembangunan flyover adalah solusi penanganan terbaik untuk menignkatkan kinerja Simpang Pasar Pagi Arengka.

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