Changes in the Ecological Structure of Hong Kong 1961–1971: A Comparative Analysis

1975 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 941-963 ◽  
Author(s):  
C P Lo
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Public Housing ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Numerical Procedure ◽  
High Income ◽  
New Public ◽  
Housing Area ◽  
The Social ◽  
White Collar Workers ◽  
Orthogonal And Oblique Rotations

Two sets of data from the 1961 and 1971 censuses of the colonial city of Hong Kong have been factor analysed by various methods that have been subjected to orthogonal and varimax rotations. Interpretations have revealed two robust factors of ‘high-income expatriate workers’ and ‘low-income blue- and white-collar workers’ in 1961. By 1971 a more diversified socioeconomic stratification of the Chinese and high-income expatriate workers had emerged. A new ‘public-housing residents’ dimension also appeared. The spatial patterns of the social areas of Hong Kong over a decade, obtained by a numerical procedure of cluster analysis, have also been compared, and the massive involuntary redistribution of population that resulted in the creation of a peripheral, government public-housing area in the previously rural—urban fringe area has been noted. These lead to some theoretical considerations of the validity of Western urban theories and concepts since the Hong Kong spatial pattern tends towards a greater degree of regularity. It is also recommended that the orthogonal and oblique rotations can complement each other to give the macro and micro variations of the urban dimensions.

scholarly journals Vertical position can affect categorization of the rich and the poor in Chinese culture

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 183449092110257
Author(s):  
Qiong Li ◽  
Chen Deng ◽  
Bin Zuo ◽  
Xiaobin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Social Categorization ◽  
High Income ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Rich

This study explored whether vertical position affects social categorization of the rich and the poor. Experiment 1 used high- and low-income occupations as stimuli, and found participants categorized high-income occupations faster when they were presented in the top vertical position compared to the bottom vertical position. In Experiment 2, participants responded using either the “up” or “down” key to categorize high- and low-income occupations, and responded faster to high-income occupations with the “up” key and low-income occupations with the “down” key. In Experiment 3, names identified as belonging to either rich or poor individuals were presented at the top or bottom of a screen, and the results were the same as in Experiments 1 and 2. These findings suggest that social categorization based on wealth involved perceptual simulations of vertical position, and that vertical position affects the social categorization of the rich and the poor.

Housing

Getting By ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 635-730
Author(s):  
Helen Hershkoff ◽  
Stephen Loffredo
Keyword(s):  
Public Housing ◽  
Low Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tax Credits ◽  
Housing Assistance ◽  
New Public ◽  
Housing Rights ◽  
Federal Housing ◽  
New Construction ◽  
Private Owner

This chapter discusses the major federal programs providing rental and homeownership assistance to poor and low-income people. On the supply side, for decades the United States has not funded new Public Housing that it owns and manages; instead, tax credits are the major driver of new construction, with buildings owned and operated by private developers who commit to time-limited affordability requirements. On the demand side, the leading rental support program gives tenants “vouchers,” allowing them choice where they can live but no guarantee that a landlord will rent to them at the subsidized payment levels. Moreover, many households, and disproportionately people of color, have been or continue to be arbitrarily denied rental assistance because of a family member’s prior contact with the criminal justice system, even just an arrest—a policy that has caused great hardship and contributed to homelessness. For those tenants who receive it, federal housing assistance is a critical lifeline. This chapter focuses on how prospective tenants can apply for and maintain eligibility for Public Housing or subsidized units in Multifamily Programs, and how to obtain and keep a voucher. The chapter also discusses issues critical to housing justice—tenant participation in assisted housing; rights of tenants when a private owner leaves an assisted program; housing support for the homeless; the government’s duty to affirmatively further fair housing; and problems of environmental displacement.

Flexible Design of Public Housing in Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 26-35
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Debicka ◽  
Avi Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Public Housing ◽  
Canadian Arctic ◽  
Housing Authority ◽  
Housing Crisis ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
New Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Northern Climate ◽  
Exterior Design ◽  
Over Time

Public housing delivered in the Canadian Arctic has been ill-adapted to the social and cultural realities of Inuit communities and to northern climate. Inadequate consultation has resulted in dwellings that fails to adapt to the needs of growing families, impedes the ability of residents to engage in land-based activities, and is inappropriate for local climate. This paper examines how a user-led, flexible approach can help tailor the design of new public homes to the needs of the local housing authority and future occupants. Flexibility is incorporated into the pre-occupancy, post-occupancy and refurbishment stages of the units life-cycle, ensuring that they can be easily adapted over time. A menu of interior and exterior design components has been developed for selection by all stakeholders. The redevelopment of Widow's Row, in Iqaluit, Nunavut demonstrates how appropriate design can play a pivotal role in addressing the housing crisis.

scholarly journals Residents’ Satisfaction with Public Housing in Hulhumale’ Area of Male’, Maldives

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 125-135
Author(s):  
Mohammad Abdul Mohit ◽  
Mohamed Azim
Keyword(s):  
Public Housing ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
Physical Space ◽  
Housing Satisfaction ◽  
Public Facilities ◽  
Housing Area ◽  
The Social ◽  
Provision Of Services ◽  
Physical Features

This paper examines the residents’ satisfaction with public housing in the Hulhumale’ area of Male’ in Maldives, with a focus on physical features, the provision of services, public facilities and the social environment in the housing area and their contributions to residents’ overall housing satisfaction. The findings show that a majority of the residents is only slightly satisfied, though satisfaction levels are generally higher for the provision of services and public facilities, compared to the satisfaction with physical space in the housing unit and the social environment in the neighbourhood. The study infers that merely providing housing does not ensure success of housing development and policies in the Maldives.  Keywords: Housing satisfaction, physical features, public facilities, social environment. eISSN 2514-751X © 2018. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/aje-bs.v3i9.302

scholarly journals Evaluasi Efektivitas Pasca Huni Penghuni Perumahan Subsidi Dengan Pendekatan Ekonomi

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwira Nirfalini Aulia ◽  
Putri Andriani Hrp
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Green Housing ◽  
The People ◽  
Housing Area ◽  
The Social ◽  
North Sumatra ◽  
The City

Indonesia telah terbagi atas beberapa daerah, dan pada setiap daerah sudah banyak dibangun perumahan. Khususnya daerah di kota Medan, Sumatera Utara yang sudah banyak perumahan yang telah dibangun khususnya tempat tinggal bagi masyarakat kota Medan yang berpenghasilan rendah (MBR). Dengan munculnya pembangunan dapat menumbuhkan pertumbuhan ekonomi, dan tersedianya lapangan pekerjaan.Pembangunan infrastruktur termasuk hal penting dalam metode pertumbuhan suatu bangsa yang baik pada sektor ekonomi, sosial, budaya, pendidikan, pertanian dan sektor lainnya.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui rumah subsidi yang dapat dijangkau oleh penghuni MBR dan untuk mengetahui faktor kepuasan penghuni MBR terhadap pembelian rumah subsidi.Metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kuantitatif, yaitu menggunakan survey data primer dan mewawancarai kepada narasumber. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan manfaat, diantaranya menambah wawasan pengetahuan bagi penulis tentang keadaan sosial dan ekonomi bagi penduduk di perumahan subsidi di daerah Perumahan Hijau 3 Indonesia has been divided into several regions, and in each region many houses have been built. Especially in the city of Medan, North Sumatra, which has built a lot of housing, especially housing for the people of Medan city with low income (MBR). With the advent of development, it can foster economic growth, and the availability of jobs. Infrastructure development is an important factor in a nation's good growth methods in the economic, social, cultural, educational, agricultural and other sectors. This study aims to determine the subsidized houses that can be reached by MBR residents and to determine the satisfaction factor of MBR residents for the purchase of subsidized houses. The method used is descriptive quantitative, using primary data surveys and interviewing informants. The results of this study are expected to provide benefits, including increasing knowledge insight for writers about the social and economic conditions for residents in subsidized housing in the Green Housing area 3

scholarly journals Park environment and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in parks among adolescents in a high-density city: the moderating role of neighbourhood income

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ru Zhang ◽  
Chun-Qing Zhang ◽  
Poh Chin Lai ◽  
Wei Cheng ◽  
Benjamin Schüz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
Urban Parks ◽  
High Income ◽  
High Density ◽  
Environmental Characteristics ◽  
Moderating Role

Abstract Background Urban parks are critical environmental resources in which adolescents engage in physical activity (PA). Evidence on the associations between park environmental characteristics and park-based PA in adolescents is mixed, particularly for high-density cities. Evidence is also lacking concerning the moderating role of neighbourhood socioeconomic status on the park-PA relationships. The current study aimed to examine the associations between park environmental characteristics and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in parks among adolescents in Hong Kong and the moderating effect of neighbourhood income on these associations. Methods A cross-sectional study involving direct observations of adolescents was conducted in 32 randomly selected urban parks in Hong Kong. Park environmental characteristics were measured using the Community Park Audit Tool. Park-based MVPA among adolescents was measured using the System for Observation Play and Recreation in Communities. Neighbourhood income was extracted from the 2011 Hong Kong Population Census data on median household income. Results There was a significant positive association between the quality of amenities and park-based MVPA (metabolic equivalents per observation) in adolescents. However, the associations between the diversity of active facilities, greenness and adolescents’ park-based MVPA were not significant. Neighbourhood income moderated the association between adolescents’ park-based MVPA and park safety, where the relationship between park safety and park-based MVPA was significantly positive in low-income neighbourhoods but not significant in high-income neighbourhoods. An income-by-environment interaction was also observed concerning park aesthetics, with a negative relationship between park aesthetics and park-based MVPA in high-income neighbourhoods but not in low-income neighbourhoods. Conclusion Our findings provide evidence regarding how park environment and neighbourhood income impact adolescents’ park-based MVPA in Hong Kong. These findings can inform urban planning and policymakers who seek to improve urban park development in high-density cities.

Social enterprise and aspiration: Atherton Gardens and the e-ACE network

First Monday ◽  
2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Meredyth ◽  
Julian Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Public Housing ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Enterprise ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
The Social

A wired community for low-income public housing tenants has been established on the Atherton Gardens estate in Melbourne, Australia. It was created by Infoxchange, a non-profit technology company with the slogan 'Technology for social justice'. This paper summarises the results of a four-year evaluation of the social impact of the e-ACE network.

scholarly journals The Political Dynamic of Redistribution in Unequal Democracies: The Center-Left Governments of Chile and Uruguay in Comparative Perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florencia Antía
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
High Income ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Core ◽  
Power Resources ◽  
The Social ◽  
Labor Relationship ◽  
Economic Elites ◽  
Distribution Of Power

The redistributive reforms carried out by center-left governments in Chile and Uruguay in the 2000s affected the core interests of economic elites. Efforts to increase taxes on high-income sectors and reform the institutions that regulate the capital-labor relationship produced different results in the two countries. While Uruguay adopted significant reforms, reforms in Chile were marginal in 2000–2010 and moderate in 2014–2016. Their different trajectories are related to different configurations of the distribution of power resources between the elites and the social organizations that represent the interests of low-income sectors. Las reformas redistributivas llevadas a cabo por los gobiernos de centro-izquierda en Chile y Uruguay en la década de 2000 afectaron los intereses centrales de las élites económicas. Los esfuerzos para aumentar los impuestos a los sectores de altos ingresos y reformar las instituciones que regulan la relación capital-trabajo produjeron resultados diferentes en los dos países. Mientras que Uruguay adoptó reformas significativas, las reformas en Chile fueron marginales en 2000–2010 y moderadas en 2014–2016. Sus diferentes trayectorias están relacionadas con diferentes configuraciones de la distribución de recursos de poder entre las élites y las organizaciones sociales que representan los intereses de los sectores de bajos ingresos.

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