The Spatiotemporal Pricing of Some Urban Public Services: Urban Ecology, Equity, and Efficiency

1975 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Feldman ◽  
A Gonen
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Land Use Regulation ◽  
City Center ◽  
Pricing Scheme ◽  
Equity And Efficiency ◽  
Residential Pattern ◽  
Pricing Schemes ◽  
Spatial Pricing

The paper discusses pricing schemes for some public services in urban areas with regard to equity and efficiency, taking into consideration the residential geography of cities, in terms of the spatial pattern of population density and the level of income. Spatial pricing schemes that use a distance criterion, especially distance from city center, are shown to be inadequate for purposes of equity and efficiency—the reason being the weakness of distance as an underlying variable in urban social ecology. One should, therefore, resort to a pricing scheme which comes as close as possible to the actual residential pattern. This paper suggests the use of a zonal and parcel pricing scheme which takes into account data on density and income by zone, or neighborhood, and by parcel. Usually such zonal and parcel data are quite readily available and are often used for such purposes as land use regulation or property taxation. With little additional effort a more refined spatial pricing scheme would be reached, thus equity and efficiency considerations would be more properly satisfied. By introducing additional data on the spatial distribution of peak and offpeak users, such a spatial scheme could replace temporal pricing in urban areas where peak-load pricing through metering is not feasible.

scholarly journals Evolution of the Spatial-Temporal Pattern and Social Performance Evaluation of Community Sports and Fitness Venues in Shanghai

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 274
Author(s):  
Feng Sun ◽  
Jinhe Zhang ◽  
Jingxuan Ma ◽  
Chang Wang ◽  
Senlin Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Social Performance ◽  
City Center ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
The Social ◽  
Old City ◽  
Community Sports

The study of the spatial-temporal pattern and social performance of urban public services is a basic task for achieving urban fairness and justice. Through spatial analysis and social performance evaluation, this study explores the evolution of spatial-temporal patterns and the social performance of community sports and fitness venues in Shanghai from 1982 to 2019. The results show that the construction of Shanghai’s community sports and fitness venues presents the evolution pattern of “urbanization-suburbanization-reurbanization”. The center of construction has always been in the urban area and first moved toward the south and then toward the north. Government investment was the main source of funds for the construction of venues, and social investment has been steadily growing. The number and area of multiple types of venues has increased significantly, including trails, gymnasiums, and courts. The overall service coverage radius of Shanghai’s community sports and fitness venues has been significantly increased, and the regional equality between the core and peripheral areas has been obviously improved. The overall per capita service location entropy has not been significantly improved. The old city center and the peripheral area have always been the low-value areas, and the old city center is surrounded by high-value areas. The “low-high-low” three-circle spatial structure continues to exist, but around the old city center, the scope of the high-value area has expanded markedly. There was a significant optimization of social performance from 1999 to 2009. The social performance of the community sports and fitness venues in urban areas is better than that in suburban areas, but the optimization of social performance in suburban areas is greater than that in urban areas. The above analysis is expected to provide references for rationally arranging urban sports and fitness spaces, enhancing the fairness of urban public services, improving the quality of residents’ lives, and assisting the implementation of the “Healthy China” national strategy.

Political Economy of Land Tax in Pakistan

1986 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 839-853
Author(s):  
Sarfraz Khan Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Agricultural Produce ◽  
Finance Development ◽  
Equity And Efficiency ◽  
Formed Part

Taxation of the agricultural sector is a major instrument for mobilization of the surplus to finance development projects within the agricultural sector and/or the rest of the economy. For many years, the need for a heavier taxation of agricultural land has formed part of the conventional wisdom regarding the ways of extracting agricultural surplus and increasing the tempo of agricultural development in poor countries. Land taxes have both equity and efficiency properties that gladden the hearts of both economists and vocal politicians belonging to urban areas. Taxes on land promote efficiency in the allocation of scarce resources by creating incentives for farmers to increase their effort and reduce their consumption, thus expanding the amount of agricultural produce available to the non-agricultural sectors of the economy. A tax on land has an important redistributive function because its incidence falls squarely on the landlord and is shifted neither forward to consumers nor backwards to suppliers of agricultural inputs; nor does it introduce distortions in the allocation of productive resources.

RENT-SEEKING AND PEAK-LOAD PRICING OF PUBLIC SERVICES

1990 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-503
Author(s):  
DWIGHT R. LEE ◽  
PAUL W. WILSON
Keyword(s):  
Public Services ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Rent Seeking

scholarly journals A Model for Complex Subsidence Causality Interpretation Based on PS-InSAR Cross-Heading Orbits Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahaa Mohamadi ◽  
Timo Balz ◽  
Ali Younes
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rock Type ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
City Center ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Final Model ◽  
Alexandria City ◽  
The City ◽  
Central South

Urban areas are subject to subsidence due to varying natural and anthropogenic causes. Often, subsidence is interpreted and correlated to a single causal factor; however, subsidence is usually more complex. In this study, we adopt a new model to distinguish different causes of subsidence in urban areas based on complexity. Ascending and descending Sentinel-1 data were analyzed using permanent scatterer interferometry (PS-InSAR) and decomposed to estimate vertical velocity. The estimated velocity is correlated to potential causes of subsidence, and modeled using different weights, to extract the model with the highest correlations among subsidence. The model was tested in Alexandria City, Egypt, based on three potential causes of subsidence: rock type, former lakes and lagoons dewatering (FLLD), and built-up load (BL). Results of experiments on the tested area reveal singular patterns of causal factors of subsidence distributed across the northeast, northwest, central south, and parts of the city center, reflecting the rock type of those areas. Dual causes of subsidence are found in the southwest and some parts of the southeast as a contribution of rock type and FLLD, whereas the most complex causes of subsidence are found in the southeast of the city, as the newly built-up areas interact with the rock type and FLLD to form a complex subsidence regime. Those areas also show the highest subsidence values among all other parts of the city. The accuracy of the final model was confirmed using linear regression analysis, with an R2 value of 0.88.

Scalable Intra and Inter Domain IPv6 QoS Management and Pricing Scheme

2010 ◽  
pp. 256-279
Author(s):  
El-Bahlul Fgee ◽  
Shyamala Sivakumar ◽  
William J. Phillips ◽  
William Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Dynamic Pricing ◽  
Pricing Strategy ◽  
Traffic Flows ◽  
Lower Priority ◽  
Qos Management ◽  
Management Scheme ◽  
Pricing Scheme ◽  
End To End ◽  
Pricing Schemes

Network multimedia applications constitute a large part of Internet traffic and guaranteed delivery of such traffic is a challenge because of their sensitivity to delay, packet loss and higher bandwidth requirement. The need for guaranteed traffic delivery is exacerbated by the increasing delay experienced by traffic propagating through more than one QoS domain. Hence, there is a need for a flexible and a scalable QoS manager that handles and manages the needs of traffic flows throughout multiple IPv6 domains. The IPv6 QoS manager, presented in this paper, uses a combination of the packets’ flow ID and the source address (Domain Global Identifier (DGI)), to process and reserve resources inside an IPv6 domain. To ensure inter-domain QoS management, the QoS domain manager should also communicate with other QoS domains’ managers to ensure that traffic flows are guaranteed delivery. In this scheme, the IPv6 QoS manager handles QoS requests by either processing them locally if the intended destination is located locally or forwards the request to the neighboring domain’s QoS manager. End-to-end QoS is achieved with an integrated admission and management unit. The feasibility of the proposed QoS management scheme is illustrated for both intra- and inter-domain QoS management. The scalability of the QoS management scheme for inter-domain scenarios is illustrated with simulations for traffic flows propagating through two and three domains. Excellent average end-to-end delay results have been achieved when traffic flow propagates through more than one domain. Simulations show that packets belonging to non-conformant flows experience increased delay, and such packets are degraded to lower priority if they exceed their negotiated traffic flow rates. Many pricing schemes have been proposed for QoS-enabled networks. However, integrated pricing and admission control has not been studied in detail. A dynamic pricing model is integrated with the IPv6 QoS manager to study the effects of increasing traffic flows rates on the increased cost of delivering high priority traffic flows. The pricing agent assigns prices dynamically for each traffic flow accepted by the domain manager. Combining the pricing strategy with the QoS manager allows only higher priority traffic packets that are willing to pay more to be processed during congestion. This approach is flexible and scalable as end-to-end pricing is decoupled from packet forwarding and resource reservation decisions. Simulations show that additional revenue is generated as prices change dynamically according to the network congestion status.

Sustainable Environmental Service - Knowledge Management

2020 ◽  
pp. 709-729
Author(s):  
Pitchayanin Sukholthaman ◽  
Kunio Shirahada
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Knowledge Society ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Literature Reviews ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Questionnaire Surveys

Knowledge management (KM) is a key factor to increase effectiveness of management system. There have been researches of KM on many environmental services. Unfortunately, only a few researches have focused on sustainable service for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). There are evidences of ineffective waste management causing socio-economic and environmental problems, especially in urban areas of developing countries. Humans live in service economy and knowledge society. Waste management is one of the most important public services that all residents should receive while knowledge is needed to make service run smoothly and sustainably. This paper combines concepts of sustainable service and KM to clarify the importance and how these concepts have impacts on societal well-being. Literature reviews and questionnaire surveys are main analysis methods of this paper. Sustainable service with KM roles will be described and co-created values are identified.

scholarly journals Using Place-Based Jobs Policies to Help Distressed Communities

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 99-127
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Bartik
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Job Training ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Local Labor Markets ◽  
Equity And Efficiency ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
State And Local

Place-based jobs policies seek to create jobs in particular local labor markets. Such policies include business incentives provided by state and local governments, which cost almost $50 billion annually. The most persuasive rationale for these policies is that they can advance equity and efficiency by increasing long-term employment rates in distressed local labor markets. However, current incentives are not targeted at distressed areas. Furthermore, incentives have high costs per job created. Lower costs can be achieved by public services to business, such as manufacturing extension, customized job training, and infrastructure. Reforms to place-based jobs policies should focus on greater targeting of distressed areas and using more cost-effective policies. Such reforms could be achieved by state and local governments acting in their residents’ interests or could be encouraged by federal interventions to cap incentives and provide aid to distressed areas.

scholarly journals Comparative Research on the Metropolitan Administration and Service in Porto

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
István Hoffman ◽  
János Fazekas ◽  
András Bencsik ◽  
Bálint Imre Bodó ◽  
Kata Budai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Comparative Research ◽  
Urban Governance ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Public Authority ◽  
Intermodal Transport ◽  
Transport Management

<p>The Porto Metropolitan Area (Área Metropolitana do Porto, AMP) is a framework of cooperation between 17 municipalities and several districts. This metropolitan area has a specific, inter-municipal model of urban governance. In our research, we found that cooperation is significant mainly in sectors where the central legislature has essentially made this mandatory, by designing the AMP and defining its powers. In addition to AMP, only partial cooperation has been established in the field of waste management, and in the field of human public services and in the performance of public authority, there is essentially a set of autonomous organisational solutions. However, despite all this fragmentation, the above system ensures the satisfactory functioning of the metropolitan agglomeration. This also underlines the importance of transport management in urban areas, since this functioning system is based on an integrated and intermodal transport system</p>

scholarly journals PARKING SPACES NEAR MASS GRAVITY CENTERS IN URBANIZED TERRITORIES: METHODOLOGY FOR ESTIMATING THE REQUIRED PLACES

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-83
Author(s):  
A. V. Zedgenizov ◽  
A. V. Bazan
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Affecting Factors ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
City Center ◽  
Gravity Center ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Financial Interest ◽  
Retail Outlets ◽  
The City

Introduction. The paper discusses the problems of organizing the vehicles’ parking near large shopping centers and also describes their relevance, taking into account the transport services of retail outlets and residence places. The authors present the research of the problem by leading scientists, which is reflected in the regulatory documentation.Materials and methods. The authors used a mathematical description of the average parking duration and identified the main affecting factors, taking into account the proportion of workers in the mass gravity center. The authors proposed a mathematical dependence based on the average parking duration, taking into account reservation of parking places for workers and the required number of parking spaces for other categories. The paper considered the possibility of the intra-hour deficit of parking places based on the PHF-factor.Results. As a result, the authors made the comparison of the obtained values of the required parking spaces with the standard ones. The paper provided more than 30 types of mass gravity centers and urban areas. In addition, the authors considered the examples of assessing the required number of parking spaces near a large housing estate at the 8 km distance from the city center. Therefore, the authors proposed the technique for assessing the required number of parking spaces based on normative values per 100 m2 of the area of the mass gravity centers.Discussion and conclusions. The authors present recommendations are made for the practical application of the required number of parking spaces by the normative values.Financial transparency: the authors have no financial interest in the presented materials or methods. There is no conflict of interest.

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