scholarly journals Using Place-Based Jobs Policies to Help Distressed Communities

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 99-127
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Bartik
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Job Training ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Local Labor Markets ◽  
Equity And Efficiency ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
State And Local

Place-based jobs policies seek to create jobs in particular local labor markets. Such policies include business incentives provided by state and local governments, which cost almost $50 billion annually. The most persuasive rationale for these policies is that they can advance equity and efficiency by increasing long-term employment rates in distressed local labor markets. However, current incentives are not targeted at distressed areas. Furthermore, incentives have high costs per job created. Lower costs can be achieved by public services to business, such as manufacturing extension, customized job training, and infrastructure. Reforms to place-based jobs policies should focus on greater targeting of distressed areas and using more cost-effective policies. Such reforms could be achieved by state and local governments acting in their residents’ interests or could be encouraged by federal interventions to cap incentives and provide aid to distressed areas.

It’s more than money: policy options to secure medical specialist workforce for regional centres

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer May ◽  
Judi Walker ◽  
Mathew McGrail ◽  
Fran Rolley
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Medical Training ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Models Of Care ◽  
Hub And Spoke ◽  
Recruitment And Retention ◽  
Modifiable Factors ◽  
State And Local

Objectives Regional centres and their rural hinterlands support significant populations of non-metropolitan Australians. Despite their importance in the settlement hierarchy and the key medical services provided from these centres, little research has focused on their issues of workforce supply and long-term service requirements. In addition, they are a critical component of the recent growth of ‘regional’ hub-and-spoke specialist models of service delivery. Methods The present study interviewed 62 resident specialists in four regional centres, seeking to explore recruitment and retention factors important to their location decision making. The findings were used to develop a framework of possible evidence-informed policies. Results This article identifies key professional, social and locational factors, several of which are modifiable and amenable to policy redesign, including work variety, workplace culture, sense of community and spousal employment; these factors that can be targeted through initiatives in selection, training and incentives. Conclusions Commonwealth, state and local governments in collaboration with communities and specialist colleges can work synergistically, with a multiplicity of interdigitating strategies, to ensure a positive approach to the maintenance of a critical mass of long-term rural specialists. What is known about the topic? Rural origin increases likelihood of long-term retention to rural locations, with rural clinical school training associated with increased rural intent. Recruitment and retention policy has been directed at general practitioners in rural communities, with little focus on regional centres or medical specialists. What does this study add? Rural origin is associated with regional centre recruitment. Professional, social and locational factors are all moderately important in both recruitment and retention. Specialist medical training for regional centres ideally requires both generalist and subspecialist skills sets. Workforce policy needs to address modifiable factors with four groups, namely commonwealth and state governments, specialist medical colleges and local communities, all needing to align their activities for achievement of long-term medical workforce outcomes. What are the implications for practitioners? Modifiable factors affecting recruitment and retention must be addressed to support specialist models of care in regional centres. Modifiable factors relate to maintenance of a critical mass of practitioners, training a fit-for-purpose workforce and coordinated effort between stakeholders. Although remuneration is important, the decision to stay relates primarily to non-financial factors.

Using National Financial Incentives to Build Local Resiliency: The U.S. Disaster Mitigation Act

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-171
Author(s):  
Kenneth C. Topping ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Hazard Mitigation ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Federal Grants ◽  
Local Resilience ◽  
State And Local ◽  
The U.S

The U.S. Congress passed the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000) which requires adoption of multihazard mitigation plans as a precondition of local government eligibility for federal pre-disaster and postdisaster hazard mitigation grants. Its underlying purpose was to encourage local governments to systematically plan for reducing risks and future disaster losses before requesting federal grants to execute hazard mitigation projects. This paper examines the DMA 2000 legislation, its purposes, and the responses to it by state and local governments. Among other things the paper: 1) describes DMA 2000 statutory requirements, 2) assesses overall participation by region, 3) uses the State of California as a case study to examines hazard mitigation plan compliance issues, and 4) explores long-term implications of this broad national effort to use financial incentives to increase local resilience. By early 2009, 18,783 locally adopted hazard mitigation plans had been approved by FEMA. Although community resilience outcomes cannot be truly assessed without further research, the magnitude of this response implies substantial long-term local capacity building benefits within the U.S. This experience should also be the subject of comparative research regarding parallel efforts elsewhere.

scholarly journals Financial sustainability as a factor of forming fiscal space of local budgets

2021 ◽  
pp. 4-16
Author(s):  
Taisiya H. Bondaruk ◽  
Igor S. Bondaruk ◽  
Maksym V. Dubyna
Keyword(s):  
European Commission ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Financial Sustainability ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Fiscal Space ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

The purpose of the research is to deepen the theoretical foundations of financial stability as a factor in shaping the fiscal space of local budgets and substantiate the methodological tools for assessing the financial stability of local budgets of Ukraine in the medium and long term. Methods. The following research methods were used in analysing the problem: induction, deduction, system approach, statistical analysis, logical generalization, graphical method. Results. Fiscal extension gives the opportunities to local authorities to obtain and use extra budget resources for achieving the goal taking into account the restrictions caused by the necessity to maintain the financial sustainability in mid- and long-term periods. A methodological toolkit for assessing the financial sustainability of local budgets in mid- and long-term periods is proposed. The complex of arguments for the appropriate applying of the estimation of financial sustainability of local budgets in the national practice using the methodology of the European Commission in the mid-term period is given. It is substantiated that the development of strategic directions for ensuring the long-term financial sustainability of local budgets in Ukraine should take place with the use of foresight. It is substantiated that the fiscal space provides opportunities for local governments to obtain and use extra budgetary resources to achieve a certain goal, taking into account the constraints due to the need to maintain financial stability in the medium- and long-term periods.  Methodical tools for assessing the financial stability of local budgets in the medium- and long-term periods are proposed.  A set of arguments on the expediency of applying the methodology of the European Commission in the medium-term period in the native practice of calculating the financial stability of local budgets is presented.  It is substantiated that the development of strategic directions to ensure long-term financial stability of local budgets of Ukraine should take place using foresight. Practical meaning. The practical significance of the obtained results is in the possibility of using methodological tools to assess the effectiveness of local budget sustainability management by state and local authorities in developing and making management decisions to regulate the level of financial stability of local budgets. Prospects for further research. The formation of theoretical foundations of financial stability as a factor in the formation of the fiscal space of local budgets and substantiation of methodological tools for their assessment in the medium and long term periods confirms the need for further scientific substantiation of strategic directions of long-term financial stability of local budgets in Ukraine under the condition of decentralization.

Local Courts

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Brisbin
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Local Politics ◽  
Local Institutions ◽  
Reciprocal Influence ◽  
Political Function ◽  
State And Local Politics ◽  
Multidisciplinary Studies ◽  
Local Courts ◽  
State And Local

The penalization of crime and the provision of social and economic order through the development and application of policies that resolve disputes among citizens, businesses, and governments are crucial activities for state and local governments. This chapter reviews scholarly studies of how state and local courts of general, limited, and special jurisdiction deliver these public services. With attention to the agenda, procedures, personnel, and outcome of the operations of local courts and the state and local institutions that assist the courts, the chapter addresses what is known about the influence of politics on their activities and their reciprocal influence on state and local politics. Special consideration is devoted to the limitations of the multidisciplinary studies of the behavior and political function of these institutions.

scholarly journals The Causes and Consequences of Wal-Mart's Growth

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emek Basker
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Local Labor Markets ◽  
Product Selection ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Consumer Prices ◽  
Private Employer ◽  
State And Local

Wal-Mart is the largest retailer and the largest private employer in the United States. The competitive pressures created by large retailers have long been controversial, and Wal-Mart's growth has raised concerns about its economic impact on workers, communities, and competitors. This paper aims to dispel some of the myths regarding Wal-Mart and to replace them with a systematic accounting of what is known about Wal-Mart's impact on the U.S. and global economy. The paper begins by exploring the source of Wal-Mart's competitive advantage. It then examines some of the economic effects of Wal-Mart: how Wal-Mart stores affect local labor markets, consumer prices, product selection, local and global competitors, and suppliers. I then turn to Wal-Mart's interaction with public policy issues in matters of global trade as well as state and local legislation on wages, benefits, zoning, and subsidies.

scholarly journals Tariff structuring in water and sanitation: public profiting arrangements on universalization initiatives

Water Policy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Motta Veiga
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Project Finance ◽  
Service Access ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Tariff Structure

Abstract Water and sanitation service access is a global problem, impacting disproportionally poor communities of low-income countries. Failed universalization initiatives highlighted historical negligence, social inequality, and bad governance. Infrastructure developments require large investments, which most local governments cannot afford. Alternative funding might come from private investors through cost-effective project finance arrangements. Public services should be sustainable, conciliating users' willingness to pay with providers' willingness to supply. Governments have implemented profit-driven strategies over taxing outsourced public services to increase budget inflow. Inefficient tax schemes on essential public services have damaged universalization initiatives in developing countries. These negative taxing practices have damaged tariff structure, service sustainability, and project attractiveness. Public sector should not profit from unsustainable outsourced services that they are required but cannot supply. Water and sanitation expansions on low-income communities in developing countries should not take place as tariff-free schemes, but within a tax-exempt policy.

Raising local revenue: The use and adequacy of voluntary property taxes in arkansas

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 498-521
Author(s):  
Kim U. Hoffman ◽  
Joseph Yuichi Howard
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Property Tax ◽  
The State ◽  
Property Taxes ◽  
Revenue Source ◽  
Local Revenue ◽  
Expenditure Data ◽  
State And Local

AbstractWith the late-2000s recession, state and local governments have struggled to find the necessary revenue to sustain citizens' demands of governmental services. One potential revenue source is to allow the citizens' themselves to choose the services to fund through the usage of voluntary taxes. Counties and cities in Arkansas have the authority to levy a voluntary property tax to support specific public services. In this study, we explore the prevalence and adequacy of the voluntary property tax by local governments in Arkansas. We identify 58 different voluntary taxes used in 27 counties and 17 cities throughout the state. Moreover, using revenue and expenditure data, we find the tax to be a significant revenue source for several county programs.

Corrigendum to: It’s more than money: policy options to secure medical specialist workforce for regional centres

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 717
Author(s):  
Jennifer May ◽  
Judi Walker ◽  
Mathew McGrail ◽  
Fran Rolley
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Medical Training ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Models Of Care ◽  
Hub And Spoke ◽  
Recruitment And Retention ◽  
Modifiable Factors ◽  
State And Local

Objectives Regional centres and their rural hinterlands support significant populations of non-metropolitan Australians. Despite their importance in the settlement hierarchy and the key medical services provided from these centres, little research has focused on their issues of workforce supply and long-term service requirements. In addition, they are a critical component of the recent growth of ‘regional’ hub-and-spoke specialist models of service delivery.Methods The present study interviewed 62 resident specialists in four regional centres, seeking to explore recruitment and retention factors important to their location decision making. The findings were used to develop a framework of possible evidence-informed policies.Results This article identifies key professional, social and locational factors, several of which are modifiable and amenable to policy redesign, including work variety, workplace culture, sense of community and spousal employment; these factors that can be targeted through initiatives in selection, training and incentives.Conclusions Commonwealth, state and local governments in collaboration with communities and specialist colleges can work synergistically, with a multiplicity of interdigitating strategies, to ensure a positive approach to the maintenance of a critical mass of long-term rural specialists.What is known about the topic? Rural origin increases likelihood of long-term retention to rural locations, with rural clinical school training associated with increased rural intent. Recruitment and retention policy has been directed at general practitioners in rural communities, with little focus on regional centres or medical specialists.What does this study add? Rural origin is associated with regional centre recruitment. Professional, social and locational factors are all moderately important in both recruitment and retention. Specialist medical training for regional centres ideally requires both generalist and subspecialist skills sets. Workforce policy needs to address modifiable factors with four groups, namely commonwealth and state governments, specialist medical colleges and local communities, all needing to align their activities for achievement of long-term medical workforce outcomes.What are the implications for practitioners? Modifiable factors affecting recruitment and retention must be addressed to support specialist models of care in regional centres. Modifiable factors relate to maintenance of a critical mass of practitioners, training a fit-for-purpose workforce and coordinated effort between stakeholders. Although remuneration is important, the decision to stay relates primarily to non-financial factors.

scholarly journals The Role of Economic Analysis in Local Government Decisions: The Case of Solid Waste Management

1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Halstead ◽  
William M. Park
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
State And Local

The issue of solid waste management has risen to national prominence in the last decade, fueled by increasing waste disposal costs and changing public attitudes. This situation presents a major opportunity for economists to use their applied microeconomics skills to assist state and local governments manage waste in a cost effective fashion. While findings from formal research efforts may ultimately make their way into the decision-making process, perhaps economists can play an even more significant role in emphasizing the importance of the most basic economic concepts and principles for sound decision making in solid waste management or the many other areas in which local public choices are made. These areas would include at least the following: opportunity cost, marginal analysis of costs and benefits, and the role of economic incentives.

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