Factorial Ecologies: Oblique and Orthogonal Solutions. A Case Study of the New York SMSA

1972 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
J W Hughes ◽  
G W Carey
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Inner City ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Structural Variations ◽  
Methodological Implication ◽  
Analytic Methods ◽  
Factor Analytic

The utilization of factor analytic methods in the investigation of the spatial structure of urban areas has raised several methodological concerns. Two of these issues are examined in this study: the validity of the orthogonal model, and the possibility of bias through boundary drawing. This paper thus focuses on the effect of the choice of rotational technique upon the derived factor structures at three levels of metropolitan delineation—metropolitan area, city, and inner city sub-area. The rotational techniques are examined specifically in regard to dimensional interpretation and dimensional interrelationships at the three scales of observation. The findings have important methodological implication for the investigation of microregion structural variations.

Assessing the impact of the urban landscape on heat wave episodes: a case study of the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gara Villalba ◽  
Sergi Ventura ◽  
Joan Gilabert ◽  
Alberto Martilli ◽  
Alba Badia
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Heat Wave ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
Anthropogenic Heat ◽  
Surface Model

<p>Currently, around 54% of the world's population is living in urban areas and this number is projected to increase by 66% by 2050. In the past years, cities have been experiencing heat wave episodes that affect the population. As the modern urban landscape is continually evolving, with green spaces and parks becoming a more integral component and with suburbs expanding outward from city centres into previously rural, agricultural, and natural areas, we need tools to learn how to best implement planning strategies that minimize heat waves.  In this study we use the Weather and Research Forecasting model (WRF) with a multi-layer layer scheme, the Building Effect Parameterization (BEP) coupled with the Building Energy Model (BEP+BEM, Salamanca and Martilli, 2010) to take into account the energy consumption of buildings and anthropogenic heat generated by air conditioning systems. The urban canopy scheme takes into account city morphology (e.g. building and street canyon geometry) and surface characteristics (e.g. albedo, heat capacity, emissivity, urban/vegetation fraction). The Community Land Surface Model (CLM) is used in WRF that uses 16 different plant functional types (PFTs) as the basis for land-use differentiation.  Furthermore, we use the Local Climate Zones (LCZ) classification which has 11 urban land use categories with specific thermal, radiative and geometric parameters of the buildings and ground to compute the heat and momentum fluxes in the urban areas.  The objective is to validate the model and establish relationships between urban morphology and land use with temperature, so that the model can be used to simulate land use scenarios to investigate the effectiveness of different mitigation strategies to lower urban temperatures during the summer months.</p><p> </p><p>We test the methods with the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona (AMB) as a case study. The AMB is representative of the Mediterranean climate, with mild winters and hot summers. With a heterogeneous urban landscape, the AMB covers 636 km<sup>2 </sup>(34% built, 23% agricultural, and 31% vegetation) and has more than five million habitants. We simulate the heat wave that occurred in August 2018, during which temperatures stayed between 30 and 40ºC for five consecutive days and compare results with observed data from five different weather stations. We then simulate a potential scenario changing land surface from built to vegetation, in accordance with Barcelona´s strategic climate plan, and the potential impact the land use change has on reducing heat wave episodes.</p>

scholarly journals Brownfields to Greenfields: Environmental Justice Versus Environmental Gentrification

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 2233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Maantay ◽  
Andrew Maroko
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Environmental Justice ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Community Gardens ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Census Block Group ◽  
Proximity Analysis ◽  
Potential Impact

Gentrification is a growing concern in many urban areas, due to the potential for displacement of lower-income and other vulnerable populations. This process can be accelerated when neighborhood “greening” projects are undertaken via governmental or private investor efforts, resulting in a phenomenon termed environmental or “green” gentrification. Vacant land in lower-income areas is often improved by the existing community through the creation of community gardens, but this contributes to these greening efforts and paradoxically may spur gentrification and subsequent displacement of the gardens’ stewards and neighbors. “Is proximity to community gardens in less affluent neighborhoods associated with an increased likelihood of gentrification?” Using Brooklyn, New York as a case study, we examined this question using Geographic Information Systems and two spatial methods: a census block group proximity analysis, and a hot spot analysis, to determine the potential impact of proximity to community gardens in lower-income areas. The results of the analyses suggest that proximity to community gardens is associated with significant increases in per capita income over the five years study period, which is indicative of areas undergoing gentrification. This has implications for environmental justice because existing lower-income residents are likely to be displaced after their community is improved environmentally.

scholarly journals Estimating the Potential of Ride Sharing in Urban Areas: the Milan Metropolitan Area Case Study

2020 ◽  
Vol N/A (N/A) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Anna Realini ◽  
Marco Borgarello ◽  
Silvano Viani ◽  
Simone Maggiore ◽  
Corine Nsangwe Businge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Ride Sharing

And the crowd goes wild: examining a successful crowdfunding campaign

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Woods ◽  
Terry Damron
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Public Relations ◽  
Inner City ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Difficulty Level ◽  
Content Type ◽  
University Marketing ◽  
Marketing Social ◽  
History Of

Synopsis This case explores the concept of crowdfunding by examining the background of the fundraising model in addition to the successful campaign, “Let’s Send Kids to Harvard: Vidal Scholarship Fund.” In this campaign, Brandon Stanton leveraged the large following of his photo blog, “Humans of New York,” to raise more than one million dollars for students in an inner-city middle school. The fundraiser received national attention and broke the record for the most contributors to a single campaign on the popular crowdfunding website, Indiegogo. Students are encouraged to think critically about what elements work together to create a successful crowdfunding campaign. Research methodology Secondary data were reviewed to provide a thorough review of the history of crowdfunding as well as to chronicle the events that led up to the successful crowdfunding campaign highlighted in the case study. Relevant courses and levels This case is appropriate for university marketing, social media, public relations, and entrepreneurship courses. This case has a difficulty level appropriate for sophomore-, junior-, or senior-level courses.

scholarly journals Bright Bounty

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (04) ◽  
pp. 38-42
Author(s):  
Tom Gibson
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Food System ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
The United States ◽  
Waste Energy ◽  
Locally Grown ◽  
A Company

This article is a case study on BrightFarms, which is a company in Midtown Manhattan that brings fresh, locally grown produce to underserved urban areas by engineering green gardening on a commercial scale. Based in Midtown Manhattan, BrightFarms builds and operates hydroponics greenhouse farms across the United States, mostly at supermarkets. The company tries to use renewable energy sources and waste energy from a host building. BrightFarms now focuses on commercial clients that can handle the high volumes of produce that come out of the greenhouses. The BrightFarms team has expertise spanning horticultural sciences, engineering, ecology, energy analysis, environmental education, and produce marketing. While much of BrightFarms’ work has focused on New York City till date, it is trying to build facilities not only wherever it makes economic sense, but also where it makes sense in the food system.

Mortality, Fertility and Contraceptive Use in Shanghai

1977 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 255-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Banister
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The World ◽  
The City ◽  
Shanghai Municipality

Shanghai is the largest city in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Once part of Kiangsu Province, it is now governed as an independent municipality consisting of the city proper and 10 suburban counties annexed to the city in 1958. Shanghai municipality ranks as the world's third most populous metropolitan area, after New York and Tokyo. However, if the rural residents of Shanghai municipality are excluded from the comparison, then Shanghai's urban population of 6 or 7 million ranks it within the 15 largest urban areas of the world.

scholarly journals Karlín and its changes in the context of post-socialist transformation of Prague

Geografie ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Ilík ◽  
Martin Ouředníček
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Inner City ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Spatial Structures ◽  
Data Analyses ◽  
New Development ◽  
Radical Reconstruction

The trends of post-socialist transformation in the inner city are described and illustrated in the case study of Karlín. At present, this area is going through a radical reconstruction and changes of spatial structure. The main aim of this analysis is to identify the processes which have changed this structure and to reveal the main mechanisms which underlie these changes. Attention is paid to the roles of the participants involved in the new development as well. Changes of partial components of spatial structures were observed through interviews, fieldwork and statistical data analyses.

Vulnerable populations in food deserts: a case study

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-220
Author(s):  
Van Wood ◽  
Manoj Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Inner City ◽  
Vulnerable Populations ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Food Deserts ◽  
Social Culture ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Underlying Causes

Purpose This paper aims to examine the realities of food deserts and the vulnerable populations in urban areas in the USA; review underlying causes of these realities; and propose a set of solutions to address challenges facing vulnerable populations living in urban food deserts. Design/methodology/approach The paper presents a case study with a focus on a specific vulnerable population living in a food desert in the inner city of Richmond, Virginia. Findings While vulnerable populations and food deserts have much in common, in general, they both reflect, for specific groups of people, a failure to achieve or even having a chance to achieve the American dream. In particular, they reflect the economic, social, culture and education disenfranchisement of many citizens in society. Originality/value This exploratory paper and case study offers a beginning reference point to both understand and deal with urban food deserts and the vulnerable populations that reside there-in. Food deserts are a serious problem that is historically based and contemporarily reinforced by economic, social and cultural/community realities in society. By first understanding these realities, the paper calls for research and action.

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