Cosmic‐Ray Showers Provide Strong Evidence of Neutrino Flavor Oscillation

Physics Today ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 17-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bertram Schwarzschild
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Neutrino Flavor ◽  
Flavor Oscillation

scholarly journals Neutrino Properties from Measurements using Astrophysical and Terrestrial Sources

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 5-8
Author(s):  
A.B. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Reactors ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Cosmic Ray Interactions ◽  
Neutrino Flavor ◽  
Flavor Change

AbstractThe current knowledge of neutrino properties has been derived from measurements performed with both astrophysical and terrestrial sources. Observations of neutrino flavor change have been made with neutrinos generated in the solar core, through cosmic ray interactions in the atmosphere and in nuclear reactors. A summary is presented of the current knowledge of neutrino properties and a description is provided for future measurements that could provide more complete information on neutrino properties.

Muons and New Physics

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo De Rafael
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Particle ◽  
Standard Model ◽  
Electric Charge ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
New Physics ◽  
Beyond The Standard Model ◽  
The Standard Model

The muon is an elementary particle. It has the same electric charge and spin as the electron, but it is about two hundred times heavier. It was unexpected when observed in cosmic ray experiments in 1936. “Who ordered that?” Isidor Rabi asked. Results concerning the muon continue to surprise physicists and may even point to strong evidence for physics lying beyond the Standard Model.

Concurrent Electrodermal and Eyeblink Conditioning With Masked and Unmasked Stimuli

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
José Luis Marcos ◽  
Azahara Marcos
Keyword(s):  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Eyeblink Conditioning ◽  
Noise Burst ◽  
Conditioning Phase ◽  
Contingency Awareness ◽  
Blank Screen ◽  
Neutral Face ◽  
Fearful Face

Abstract. The aim of this study was to determine if contingency awareness between the conditioned (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) is necessary for concurrent electrodermal and eyeblink conditioning to masked stimuli. An angry woman’s face (CS+) and a fearful face (CS−) were presented for 23 milliseconds (ms) and followed by a neutral face as a mask. A 98 dB noise burst (US) was administered 477 ms after CS+ offset to elicit both electrodermal and eyeblink responses. For the unmasking conditioning a 176 ms blank screen was inserted between the CS and the mask. Contingency awareness was assessed using trial-by-trial ratings of US-expectancy in a post-conditioning phase. The results showed acquisition of differential electrodermal and eyeblink conditioning in aware, but not in unaware participants. Acquisition of differential eyeblink conditioning required more trials than electrodermal conditioning. These results provided strong evidence of the causal role of contingency awareness on differential eyeblink and electrodermal conditioning.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE COSMIC RAY TECHNIQUES

1982 ◽  
Vol 43 (C8) ◽  
pp. C8-69-C8-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Ray
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