Modeling DC electrical breakdown using a truncated emission spectrum for trapped radiation

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 043507 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Roberds ◽  
M. M. Hopkins ◽  
B. T. Yee ◽  
A. Fierro ◽  
C. H. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Emission Spectrum ◽  
Electrical Breakdown ◽  
Trapped Radiation

Models of Thermodynamic Properties of Prominences

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 349-355
Author(s):  
R.W. Milkey
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Mass Transport ◽  
Emission Spectrum ◽  
Thermodynamic Parameters ◽  
Working Group ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Observational Techniques

The focus of discussion in Working Group 3 was on the Thermodynamic Properties as determined spectroscopically, including the observational techniques and the theoretical modeling of physical processes responsible for the emission spectrum. Recent advances in observational techniques and theoretical concepts make this discussion particularly timely. It is wise to remember that the determination of thermodynamic parameters is not an end in itself and that these are interesting chiefly for what they can tell us about the energetics and mass transport in prominences.

Scanning Electron Microscope Induced Electrical Breakdown of Tungsten Windows in Integrated Circuit Processing

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Shuttleworth ◽  
Mary Drummond Roby
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Contact Resistance ◽  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Electrical Breakdown ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Integrated Circuit Processing

Abstract Interaction of inline SEM inspections with tungsten window-1 integrity were investigated. Multiple SEMs were utilized and various points in the processing were inspected. It was found that in certain circumstances inline SEM inspection induced increased window-1 contact resistance in both source/drain and gate contacts, up to and including electrical opens for the source/drain contacts.

scholarly journals Electrical Breakdown Mechanism of Transformer Oil with Water Impurity: Molecular Dynamics Simulations and First-Principles Calculations

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Bin Cao ◽  
Ji-Wei Dong ◽  
Ming-He Chi
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Thermal Diffusion ◽  
First Principles ◽  
Electrical Breakdown ◽  
Transformer Oil ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Conducting Channel ◽  
Breakdown Mechanism ◽  
Water Impurity ◽  
Dynamics Simulations

Water impurity is the essential factor of reducing the insulation performance of transformer oil, which directly determines the operating safety and life of a transformer. Molecular dynamics simulations and first-principles electronic-structure calculations are employed to study the diffusion behavior of water molecules and the electrical breakdown mechanism of transformer oil containing water impurities. The molecular dynamics of an oil-water micro-system model demonstrates that the increase of aging acid concentration will exponentially expedite thermal diffusion of water molecules. Density of states (DOS) for a local region model of transformer oil containing water molecules indicates that water molecules can introduce unoccupied localized electron-states with energy levels close to the conduction band minimum of transformer oil, which makes water molecules capable of capturing electrons and transforming them into water ions during thermal diffusion. Subsequently, under a high electric field, water ions collide and impact on oil molecules to break the molecular chain of transformer oil, engendering carbonized components that introduce a conduction electronic-band in the band-gap of oil molecules as a manifestation of forming a conductive region in transformer oil. The conduction channel composed of carbonized components will be eventually formed, connecting two electrodes, with the carbonized components developing rapidly under the impact of water ions, based on which a large number of electron carriers will be produced similar to “avalanche” discharge, leading to an electrical breakdown of transformer oil insulation. The water impurity in oil, as the key factor for forming the carbonized conducting channel, initiates the electric breakdown process of transformer oil, which is dominated by thermal diffusion of water molecules. The increase of aging acid concentration will significantly promote the thermal diffusion of water impurities and the formation of an initial conducting channel, accounting for the degradation in dielectric strength of insulating oil containing water impurities after long-term operation of the transformer.

scholarly journals GaN-Based PCSS with High Breakdown Fields

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 1600
Author(s):  
Matthew Gaddy ◽  
Vladimir Kuryatkov ◽  
Nicholas Wilson ◽  
Andreas Neuber ◽  
Richard Ness ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Region ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Electrical Breakdown ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy ◽  
Switching Behavior ◽  
Breakdown Field ◽  
Organic Chemical ◽  
Mesa Structure ◽  
Gap Spacing

The suitability of GaN PCSSs (photoconductive semiconductor switches) as high voltage switches (>50 kV) was studied using a variety of commercially available semi-insulating GaN wafers as the base material. Analysis revealed that the wafers’ physical properties were noticeably diverse, mainly depending on the producer. High Voltage PCSSs were fabricated in both vertical and lateral geometry with various contacts, ohmic (Ti/Al/Ni/Au or Ni/Au), with and without a conductive n-GaN or p-type layer grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) reactive ion etching (RIE) was used to form a mesa structure to reduce field enhancements allowing for a higher field to be applied before electrical breakdown. The length of the active region was also varied from a 3 mm gap spacing to a 600 µm gap spacing. The shorter gap spacing supports higher electric fields since the number of macro defects within the device’s active region is reduced. Such defects are common in hydride vapor phase epitaxy grown samples and are likely one of the chief causes for electrical breakdown at field levels below the bulk breakdown field of GaN. Finally, the switching behavior of PCSS devices was tested using a pulsed, high voltage testbed and triggered by an Nd:YAG laser. The best GaN PCSS fabricated using a 600 µm gap spacing, and a mesa structure demonstrated a breakdown field strength as high as ~260 kV/cm.

scholarly journals Spontaneous Emission Spectrum of a WS2 Monolayer under Strong Coupling Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Vasilios Karanikolas ◽  
Ioannis Thanopulos ◽  
Emmanuel Paspalakis
Keyword(s):  
Emission Spectrum ◽  
Strong Coupling ◽  
Spontaneous Emission ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Spontaneous Emission Spectrum ◽  
Light Confinement ◽  
Coupling Conditions ◽  
Two Dimensional Materials ◽  
All Optical ◽  
Ws2 Monolayer

Two-dimensional materials allow for extreme light confinement, thus becoming important candidates for all optical application platforms.  [...]

Relationship between Hydrogen-Bonding Motifs and the 1b1 Splitting in the X-ray Emission Spectrum of Liquid Water

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 3996-4002
Author(s):  
Vinícius Wilian D. Cruzeiro ◽  
Andrew Wildman ◽  
Xiaosong Li ◽  
Francesco Paesani
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
Emission Spectrum ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
X Ray
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