scholarly journals Composition limited hydrogen effusion rate of a-SiNx:H passivation stack

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahar Jafari ◽  
Jens Hirsch ◽  
Dominik Lausch ◽  
Marco John ◽  
Norbert Bernhard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effusion Rate ◽  
Hydrogen Effusion

Lava effusion rate evolution and erupted volume during the 2018 Kīlauea lower East Rift Zone eruption

2021 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah R. Dietterich ◽  
Angela K. Diefenbach ◽  
S. Adam Soule ◽  
Michael H. Zoeller ◽  
Matthew P. Patrick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rift Zone ◽  
Effusion Rate ◽  
Lava Effusion

scholarly journals Simple empirical method for estimating lava-effusion rate using nighttime Himawari-8 1.6-µm infrared images

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takayuki Kaneko ◽  
Atsushi Yasuda ◽  
Toshitsugu Fujii
Keyword(s):  
Lava Flow ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Spectral Radiance ◽  
Effusion Rate ◽  
Actual Distribution ◽  
High Positive Correlation ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Lava Effusion ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe effusion rate of lava is one of the most important eruption parameters, as it is closely related to the migration process of magma underground and on the surface, such as changes in lava flow direction or formation of new effusing vents. Establishment of a continuous and rapid estimation method has been an issue in volcano research as well as disaster prevention planning. For effusive eruptions of low-viscosity lava, we examined the relationship between the nighttime spectral radiance in the 1.6-µm band of the Himawari-8 satellite (R1.6Mx: the pixel value showing the maximum radiance in the heat source area) and the effusion rate using data from the 2017 Nishinoshima activity. Our analysis confirmed that there was a high positive correlation between these two parameters. Based on the linear-regression equation obtained here (Y = 0.47X, where Y is an effusion rate of 106 m3 day−1 and X is an R1.6Mx of 106 W m−2 sr−1 m−1), we can estimate the lava-effusion rate from the observation data of Himawari-8 via a simple calculation. Data from the 2015 Raung activity—an effusive eruption of low-viscosity lava—were arranged along the extension of this regression line, which suggests that the relationship is applicable up to a level of ~ 2 × 106 m3 day−1. We applied this method to the December 2019 Nishinoshima activity and obtained an effusion rate of 0.50 × 106 m3 day−1 for the initial stage. We also calculated the effusion rate for the same period based on a topographic method, and verified that the obtained value, 0.48 × 106 m3 day−1, agreed with the estimation using the Himawari-8 data. Further, for Nishinoshima, we simulated the extent of hazard areas from the initial lava flow and compared cases using the effusion rate obtained here and the value corresponding to the average effusion rate for the 2013–2015 eruptions. The former distribution was close to the actual distribution, while the latter was much smaller. By combining this effusion-rate estimation method with real-time observations by Himawari-8 and lava-flow simulation software, we can build a rapid and precise prediction system for volcano hazard areas.

Corrosion Rate Measurement by Hydrogen Effusion In Dynamic Aqueous Systems At Elevated Temperature and Pressure

CORROSION ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 29-32
Author(s):  
M. KRULFELD ◽  
M. C. BLOOM ◽  
R. E. SEEBOLD
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Flow Velocity ◽  
High Flow ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Aqueous Systems ◽  
Effusion Rates ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Effusion Method ◽  
Hydrogen Effusion

Abstract A method of applying the hydrogen effusion method to the measurement of corrosion rates in dynamic aqueous systems at elevated temperature and pressure is described. Data obtained in low carbon steel systems are presented, including (1) reproducibility obtained in measured hydrogen effusion rates at a flow velocity of 1 foot per second at a temperature of 600 F and 2000 psi, and (2) a quantitative comparison between the hydrogen effusion rates in static and in low flow velocity dynamic systems at this temperature and pressure. Some observations are included on corrosion rate measurements in a high flow velocity (30 feet per second) loop by the hydrogen effusion method. Implications of these measurements with regard to the comparison between high flow velocity corrosion and low flow velocity corrosion are mentioned and some data indicating high local sensitivity of the hydrogen effusion method are noted. Some possible difficulties involved in the method are pointed out. 2.3.4

A Study of Non-Infrared-Active Hydrogen Bonding in a-Si:H Thin Film using combined Calibrated Temperature Desorption Spectroscopy and FTIR

2000 ◽  
Vol 609 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ. Santjojo ◽  
J.C.L. Cornish ◽  
M.O.G. Talukder
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Thin Films ◽  
Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon ◽  
Active Hydrogen ◽  
Linear Temperature ◽  
Silicon Thin Films ◽  
Temperature Ramp ◽  
Hydrogenated Amorphous ◽  
Hydrogen Effusion

ABSTRACTNon-infrared-active hydrogen bonding species were investigated by analyzing the infrared spectra and the calibrated temperature desorption spectroscopy (CTDS) spectra of hydrogen released during degassing of hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin films. Samples were degassed gradually using a linear temperature ramp (0.5°C/s). Each stage corresponds to a temperature at which the hydrogen effusion peaks can be found (~ 340°C, ~ 500°C and ~ 610°C). Differences in the amounts of hydrogen obtained from the FTIR spectra and the CTDS measurement correspond to the non-infrared-active, occluded hydrogen.

scholarly journals Relationship between seismicity and eruptive activity at Mt. Etna volcano (Italy) as inferred from historical record analysis: the 1883 and 1971 case histories

1996 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Azzaro ◽  
M. S. Barbano
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Activity ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Effusion Rate ◽  
Etna Volcano ◽  
Case Histories ◽  
Seismic Behaviour ◽  
Volcanic System ◽  
Prolonged Duration ◽  
Mt Etna ◽  
A Minor

In this paper historical and recent seismological data are analysed in order to investigate the relationship between seismicity and eruptive phenomena at Mt. Etna volcano. The 1883 and 1971 case histories have been proposed because they are significant events in the recent history of the volcano regarding volcanic hazard and show very different evolutions of associated seismic activity and eruption dynamics. The first (1883) represents flank eruptions characterised by high seismic release, short duration and moderate effusion rate whereas the second (1971) can be ascribed to eruptions starting as summit or subterminal events and thereafter developing on the flanks with a minor level of seismicity, higher effusion rate and prolonged duration. The pattern of seismic activity during 1883 and 1971, as inferred from historical record analysis, and the different associated type of eruption may be a result of diverse stress conditions acting on the volcanic system. The interpretation of the seismic behaviour by considering historical eruptions in a systematic fashion will contribute to a clearer understanding of volcanic phenomena at Mt. Etna.

714 UTILITY, TECHNIQUES, AND OUTCOMES FOR THORACIC DRAINAGE AFTER OESOPHAGECTOMY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Bull ◽  
Philip H Pucher ◽  
James Gossage
Keyword(s):  
Enhanced Recovery ◽  
Cochrane Collaboration ◽  
Patient Comfort ◽  
Effusion Rate ◽  
Thoracic Drainage ◽  
Drain Fluid ◽  
Position Type ◽  
Oesophageal Surgery ◽  
Recovery Protocols

Abstract   The routine use of post-operative drains in surgery continues to evolve as part of modern practices. Modern enhanced recovery protocols eschew using abdominal drains due to their impact on patient comfort, mobility, and recovery. This change in practice has not applied to thoracic drainage after oesophagectomy, where one or multiple drains are routinely placed. The aim of this study was to determine the evidence for, and how best to use drains during oesophageal surgery. Methods A systematic literature search was performed in Medline, Embase and Cochrane collaboration databases until Jan 25th, 2021. All studies which compared outcomes for different types or uses of thoracic drainage, or reported outcomes directly related to chest drains in oesophageal surgery were included. Studies were collated into domains based on variations in number, position, type, removal criteria, diagnostic use and complications of drains. Methodological quality was assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa and Jadad Scores. Results 28 studies met the inclusion criteria. Four studies compared drain numbers, three showed similar outcomes and pain reduction using one. A single study showed that another, ‘anastomotic drain’ aided diagnosis and reduced leak mortality. Transhiatal drains had less pain and similar outcomes compared to intercostal drains. Drain fluid amylase aids leak diagnosis, however, accuracy requires drains to remain for 6 days. Removal of drains with daily volumes of less than 300 mL did not impact effusion rate. Complications can arise from drains with a 7% chance of drains migrating into the lumen of a leak and a risk of drain-site metastasis. Conclusion Drain use is a small facet of oesophageal surgery that can have a significant impact on outcomes. There is no evidence for non-drain use. A single transhiatal drain reduces pain without impacting on outcomes. Drains can have a role in diagnosing and managing anastomotic leaks, however, to be accurate drains have to stay in situ for longer. This extends patients discomfort and moves away from ERP trends and other surgical specialities.

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