scholarly journals Linear extension rate as express of growth rate coral Porites lutea of South Java Sea

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oktiyas Muzaky Luthfi ◽  
R. M. Agung M. Rizqon Sontodipoero
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Linear Extension ◽  
Extension Rate ◽  
Porites Lutea ◽  
Java Sea

scholarly journals Skeletal Growth Rates in Porites lutea Corals from Pulau Tinggi, Malaysia

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Chai Kee Ong ◽  
Jen Nie Lee ◽  
Jani Thuaibah Isa Tanzil
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Linear Extension ◽  
Extension Rate ◽  
Thermal Threshold ◽  
Porites Lutea ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Coral Calcification ◽  
Massive Porites ◽  
Skeletal Integrity

Skeletal records of massive Porites lutea corals sampled from reefs around Malaysia have previously shown average decadal declines in growth rates associated with sea warming. However, there was a variability in growth declines between sites that warrant the need for investigations into more site-specific variations. This study analyzed decade-long (December 2004–November 2014) annual growth records (annual linear extension rate, skeletal bulk density, calcification rate) reconstructed from five massive P. lutea colonies from Pulau Tinggi, Malaysia. Significant non-linear changes in inter-annual trends of linear extension and calcification rates were found, with notable decreases that corresponded to the 2010 El Niño thermal stress episode and a pan-tropical mass coral bleaching event. Coral linear extension and calcification were observed to return to pre-2010 rates by 2012, suggesting the post-stress recovery of P. lutea corals at the study site within 2 years. Although no long-term declines in linear extension and calcification rates were detected, a linear decrease in annual skeletal bulk density by ≈9.5% over the 10-year study period was found. This suggests that although coral calcification rates are retained, the skeletal integrity of P. lutea corals may be compromised with potential implications for the strength of the overall reef carbonate framework. The correlation of coral calcification rates with sea surface temperature also demonstrated site-specific thermal threshold at 29 °C, which is comparable to the regional thermal threshold previously found for the Thai-Malay Peninsula.

scholarly journals Calcification and growth rate recovery of the reef-buildingPocilloporaspecies in the northeast tropical Pacific following an ENSO disturbance

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose de Jesús A. Tortolero-Langarica ◽  
Alma P. Rodríguez-Troncoso ◽  
Amílcar L. Cupul-Magaña ◽  
Juan P. Carricart-Ganivet
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Linear Extension ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Enso Event ◽  
Tropical Pacific ◽  
Extension Rate ◽  
Skeletal Density ◽  
Thermal Anomalies ◽  
Strong Enso

Pocilloporids are one of the major reef-building corals in the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) and also the most affected by thermal stress events, mainly those associated with El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) periods. To date, coral growth parameters have been poorly reported inPocilloporaspecies in the northeastern region of the tropical Pacific. Monthly and annual growth rates of the three most abundant morphospecies (P. cf. verrucosa,P. cf. capitata, andP. cf. damicornis) were evaluated during two annual periods at a site on the Pacific coast of Mexico. The first annual period, 2010–2011 was considered a strong ENSO/La Niña period with cool sea surface temperatures, then followed by a non-ENSO period in 2012–2013. The linear extension rate, skeletal density, and calcification rate averaged (±SD) were 2.31 ± 0.11 cm yr−1, 1.65 ± 0.18 g cm−3, 5.03 ± 0.84 g cm−2yr-1respectively, during the strong ENSO event. In contrast, the respective non-ENSO values were 3.50 ± 0.64 cm yr−1, 1.70 ± 0.18 g cm−3, and 6.02 ± 1.36 g cm−2yr−1. This corresponds to 52% and 20% faster linear extension and calcification rates, respectively, during non-ENSO period. The evidence suggests thatPocilloporabranching species responded positively with faster growth rates following thermal anomalies, which allow them to maintain coral communities in the region.

Stem orientation is related to growth rate, leaf dimensions, and the deciduous habit in temperate forest saplings

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (11) ◽  
pp. 1282-1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A King
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Morphological Plasticity ◽  
Tree Architecture ◽  
Extension Rate ◽  
Deciduous Species ◽  
Evergreen Species ◽  
Leaf Habit ◽  
Central Stem ◽  
Leaf Dimensions

The orientation of the central stem is a key component of tree architecture. Stem orientation was related to extension rate in saplings growing in light conditions ranging from forest understories to large openings in 11 deciduous angiosperms, 1 evergreen angiosperm, and 2 evergreen conifers in the Appalachian Mountains of the southeastern United States. Most of the deciduous species showed pronounced differences between arced, dorsiventrally symmetric forms in slow-growing, shaded saplings and erect, radially symmetric forms in fast growing, sunlit saplings. In contrast, the evergreen species showed little or no shift in stem orientation in relation to growth rate and tended to be more erect in shade than the deciduous species. Evergreen saplings studied at other sites were also more erect in shade than the deciduous species studied here. Within the deciduous species, the degree of arcing in shade declined with increasing leaf size and petiole length. These results, involving two congeneric pairs, suggest that stem orientation is related more to leaf dimensions and leaf habit than to taxonomic classification per se. The positioning of a single cohort of nonoverlapping leaves in shaded deciduous saplings may increase the efficiency of light interception in arced forms, as compared with evergreen saplings, where new leaves must be positioned in relation to older leaf cohorts.Key words: tree architecture, growth rate, stem orientation, morphological plasticity.

An examination of selection criteria for salt tolerance in wheat, barley and triticale genotypes

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 759 ◽  
Author(s):  
HM Rawson ◽  
RA Richards ◽  
R Munns
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
High Growth ◽  
High Growth Rate ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Extension Rate ◽  
Physiological Tolerance

This study of 20 genotypes of barley, wheat, durum wheat and triticale had three aims: (1) To determine whether simple measurements on plants grown in salinity tanks in a glasshouse would reflect the documented reputations for salinity tolerance of the genotypes; (2) to test whether rapid development, commonly associated with barleys, is linked with salinity tolerance; (3) to assess several types of measurements as screening tools for salinity tolerance. Measurements of whole-plant leaf area expansion rates were well correlated with biomass production and ranked the genotypes largely in accord with their documented reputations. There was no evidence, either from experimental manipulation of rate of development, or from regression analysis amongst genotypes, that rapid development was linked with salinity tolerance. The origins of tolerance were twofold, deriving from (1) a physiological tolerance - this was defined as a small relative reduction in growth due to salinity, and (2) an absolute tolerance - this was shown as an intrinsic high growth rate of the genotype, i.e. apparent both in and out of salinity. A good indicator of high absolute tolerance, and of potential for screening purposes, was large area of seedling leaves. Regression analysis indicated that absolute tolerance contributed more to productivity in saline conditions than physiological tolerance. Indeed, in one study the latter failed to correlate significantly with productivity. Cl- concentration also was a poor general indicator of productivity in salinity, as was extension rate of single leaves during 10 days after NaCl was applied. It is proposed that screening for intrinsic high growth rate and physiological tolerance should go hand in hand, with more emphasis on the former. This is the reverse of the usual situation.

Growth and sexual reproduction in the scleractinian coral Montipora digitata (Dana)

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 441 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Heyward ◽  
JD Collins
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Scleractinian Coral ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Linear Extension ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
External Fertilization ◽  
Gametogenic Cycle ◽  
Annual Gametogenic Cycle ◽  
First Time

Colony growth rate and sexual reproduction in M. digitata were quantified. Growth rate was expressed in terms of branch linear extension, with a maximum rate of 30.5 mm year-1 for the population. Gametogenesis and spawning were recorded for the first time. M. digitata has an annual gametogenic cycle followed by a brief spawning event where gametes are shed into the water before external fertilization and embryogenesis.

Mammoth tooth enamel growth rates inferred from stable isotope analysis and histology

2012 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 424-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Z. Metcalfe ◽  
Fred J. Longstaffe
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Tooth Enamel ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Extension Rate ◽  
Quaternary Deposits ◽  
Isotopic Studies ◽  
Migration Strategies ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Isotopic Measurements

Mammoth (Mammuthus sp.) teeth are relatively abundant in Quaternary deposits from Eurasia and North America, and their isotopic compositions can be used to reconstruct past seasonal patterns in precipitation, diet, and migration. Strategies for collecting and interpreting such data, however, are strongly dependent on growth rates, which can vary among species, individuals, and within teeth. In this study, we use histological and isotopic measurements to determine enamel growth rates for a Columbian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi) tooth in two directions. Using histology, the growth rate through the enamel thickness (ET; perpendicular to the height of the tooth) is estimated at 0.8 to 1.5 mm/yr. Isotopic sampling through the innermost 0.36 mm of the ET recovered less than half a period of variation (i.e., half an inferred year of growth), which is consistent with the histological estimate for ET growth rate. A combination of histological and isotopic measurements suggests that the enamel extension rate (growth in the height of the tooth) is 13–14 mm/yr. Knowledge of enamel growth rates should improve the design and interpretation of future isotopic studies of mammoth teeth. The combination of histological and isotopic measurements may also prove useful in determining growth rates for other extinct taxa.

The Significance of a Two-Phase Growth Response to Salinity in Wheat and Barley

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 561 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Munns ◽  
DP Schachtman ◽  
AG Condon
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Extension Rate ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Leaf Extension ◽  
Barley Genotypes

Wheat and barley genotypes that differed in salt tolerance were used to test a hypothesis that the growth response to salinity has two phases. In the first phase there would be a large decrease in growth rate caused by the salt outside the roots, i.e. an 'osmotic' response. In the second phase there would be an additional decline in growth caused by salt having built up to toxic levels within plants, i.e. a 'salt-specific' response. If this two-phase model is correct, genotypes that differ in their ability to exclude salt or tolerate high internal salt concentrations would not differ in growth rate for some period of time in saline conditions. This hypothesis was tested using many genotypes that had previously been found to differ greatly in salt tolerance, as defined by differences in percent reduction in yield or biomass after prolonged exposure to NaCl. Leaf extension of 15 wheat and barley genotypes was measured daily while the NaCl in the nutrient solution was increased over 10 days to 250 mM. All 15 genotypes showed a similar percentage reduction in leaf extension rate. Dry matter production of four selected wheat genotypes that again differed greatly in salt tolerance was measured for up to 6 weeks in 150 mM NaCl. All genotypes showed the same growth reduction for 4 weeks. After this initial period the more salt- sensitive genotype showed a greater decline in growth. This occurred after 60% of the leaves were dead. These data strongly support the hypothesis that the growth response to salinity has two phases, and indicate that most changes in metabolism or gene expression leading to growth reductions during the first phase relate to the osmotic effect of salinity, not to any salt-specific effect. They also indicate that the salt within the plant reduces growth by causing premature senescence of old leaves and hence a reduced supply of assimilates to the growing regions.

scholarly journals 756 PB 152 DIURNAL PATTERNS OF SHOOT EXTENSION GROWTH IN FIELD-GROWN PEACH

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 541d-541
Author(s):  
Matt E. Berman ◽  
Theodore M. DeJong
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Extension Growth ◽  
Extension Rate ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Late Night ◽  
Stem Water

The primary period of shoot extension growth on field-grown peach trees occurs in the evening. Field measurements indicate a 2-3 fold increase in growth rate occurs in the late afternoon and lasts for about 2 hours. The daily growth pattern is correlated with trends in temperature, water potential and carbohydrate concentrations. Early morning and late night growth rates are apparently limited by low temperatures. Heating shoot tips at these times causes extension rate to increase greatly above that of controls at ambient temperature. The afternoon surge in extension growth rate is correlated with recovering stem water potentials. Artificially increasing stem water potential at mid-day by reducing transpiration causes extension rates to dramatically increase 2-3 fold. Starch is accumulated in the shoot extension zone during the day and depleted during the evening surge in growth.

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