Electric-field induced surface instabilities of soft dielectrics and their effects on optical transmittance and scattering

2018 ◽  
Vol 123 (11) ◽  
pp. 113105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Shian ◽  
Peter Kjeer ◽  
David R. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Optical Transmittance ◽  
Soft Dielectrics

scholarly journals Modulation of the optical transmittance in monolayer graphene oxide by using external electric field

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhixing Qiao ◽  
Chengbing Qin ◽  
Yan Gao ◽  
Guofeng Zhang ◽  
Ruiyun Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
External Electric Field ◽  
Optical Transmittance ◽  
Monolayer Graphene

Fabrication of the large-area flexible transparent heaters using electric-field-driven jet deposition micro-scale 3D printing

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 217-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hefei Zhou ◽  
Xiaoyang Zhu ◽  
Hongke Li ◽  
Hongbo Lan
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Sheet Resistance ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Optical Transmittance ◽  
Adhesive Force ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Micro Scale

Abstract In order to realize the mass production of the large-area flexible transparent film heater (FTFH) at low-cost, this paper presents a novel method which can achieve the direct fabrication of the large-area FTFH with Ag-grid by using an electric-field-driven jet deposition micro-scale 3D printing. The effects of the line width and the pitch of the printed Ag-grids on the optical transmittance and the sheet resistance are revealed. A typical FTFH with area of 80 mm × 60 mm, optical transmittance of 91.5% and sheet resistance of 4.7 Ω sq−1 is fabricated by the nano-silver paste with a high silver content (80 wt.%) and high viscosity (up to 20 000 mPa · s). Temperature-time response profiles and heating temperature distribution show that the heating performance of the FTFH has good thermal and mechanical properties. Furthermore, the adhesive force grade between the Ag-grid and the PET substrate measured to be 4B by 3M scotch tape. Therefore, the FTFH fabricated here is expected to be widely used in industry, such as window defroster of vehicles and display or touch screens owing to its striking characteristics of large area and low cost fabrication.

DYNAMIC OSCILLATION OF OPTICAL TRANSMITTANCE OF NEMATIC LIQUID CRYSTALS DURING THE TURN-ON AND TURN-OFF OF APPLYING FIELD AND TEMPERATURE VARIATION

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (03) ◽  
pp. 323-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
HSIANG KU LIN ◽  
JUH-TZENG LUE
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystals ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Short Pulse ◽  
Relaxation Oscillation ◽  
Optical Transmittance ◽  
Energy Simulation ◽  
Matrix Formalism ◽  
Relaxation Oscillations ◽  
Turn On ◽  
Inclined Angle

Single short pulse during the turn-on and relaxation oscillation after the turn-off of the applied electric field of the optical transmittance of liquid crystals are observed when the light transmits through a proper inclined angle of the polarizer and analyzer. A free energy simulation of the equilibrium tilting and twisting angles of molecules at each layer during an electric field that yields relevant polarization of the transmitted light can satisfactorily address this phenomenon. Optics of an isotropic-layered liquid crystal with the Jones 4×4 matrix formalism is implemented to solve this problem. Optical transmittance under linear changes of temperatures also reveals similar nonlinear relaxation oscillations and is also successfully simulated.

scholarly journals Revisiting the Instability and Bifurcation Behavior of Soft Dielectrics

2017 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengyou Yang ◽  
Xuanhe Zhao ◽  
Pradeep Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Dielectric Material ◽  
Stretchable Electronics ◽  
Closed Form Solutions ◽  
Homogeneous Half Space ◽  
Highly Nonlinear ◽  
Soft Dielectrics ◽  
Electrical Stimuli ◽  
Bifurcation Behavior

Development of soft electromechanical materials is critical for several tantalizing applications such as human-like robots, stretchable electronics, actuators, energy harvesting, among others. Soft dielectrics can be easily deformed by an electric field through the so-called electrostatic Maxwell stress. The highly nonlinear coupling between the mechanical and electrical effects in soft dielectrics gives rise to a rich variety of instability and bifurcation behavior. Depending upon the context, instabilities can either be detrimental, or more intriguingly, exploited for enhanced multifunctional behavior. In this work, we revisit the instability and bifurcation behavior of a finite block made of a soft dielectric material that is simultaneously subjected to both mechanical and electrical stimuli. An excellent literature already exists that has addressed the same topic. However, barring a few exceptions, most works have focused on the consideration of homogeneous deformation and accordingly, relatively fewer insights are at hand regarding the compressive stress state. In our work, we allow for fairly general and inhomogeneous deformation modes and, in the case of a neo-Hookean material, present closed-form solutions to the instability and bifurcation behavior of soft dielectrics. Our results, in the asymptotic limit of large aspect ratio, agree well with Euler's prediction for the buckling of a slender block and, furthermore, in the limit of zero aspect ratio are the same as Biot's critical strain of surface instability of a compressed homogeneous half-space of a neo-Hookean material. A key physical insight that emerges from our analysis is that soft dielectrics can be used as actuators within an expanded range of electric field than hitherto believed.

scholarly journals Effects of Electric Field on the Optical Transmittance of Cu-Doped CdS Thin Films.

Shinku ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Yasube KASHIWABA ◽  
Noboru NARITA ◽  
Hitoshi IWAYA ◽  
Toshio IKEDA
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Optical Transmittance ◽  
Cds Thin Films

scholarly journals Coloring of Bi4Ge3O12 – Mn crystals induced by electric field

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-80
Author(s):  
T. M. Bochkova
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Optical Transmittance ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
Optimal Temperature ◽  
Reducing Atmosphere ◽  
Current Voltage ◽  
Current Voltage Characteristics ◽  
Electrochromic Effect ◽  
Unipolar Injection

The effect of the direct electric field on the optical transmittance of Bi4Ge3O12 single crystals doped with Mn is studied in the mode of using asymmetric contacts when only one electrode (Ag or In-Ga) is injected. It is found that changes in the optical transmittance spectra under the action of unipolar injection of electrons and holes are different. They also differ from the case of using symmetrical electrodes (double injection mode). The optimal temperature and field  conditions for electrochromic coloring are determined from the correspondence between the manifestations of the electrochromic effect in Bi4Ge3O12 ─ Mn crystals and the current-voltage characteristics. It is shown that the maximum effect is achieved by injecting holes into a Bi4Ge3O12 ─ Mn sample annealed in a reducing atmosphere.

scholarly journals Кинетика процесса поляризации в прозрачной керамике Pb(Mg-=SUB=-1/3-=/SUB=-Nb-=SUB=-2/3-=/SUB=-)O-=SUB=-3-=/SUB=--23Pb(Zr-=SUB=-0.53-=/SUB=-Ti-=SUB=-0.47-=/SUB=-)O-=SUB=-3-=/SUB=-

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Л.С. Камзина ◽  
Л.А. Кулакова ◽  
G. Li
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Ferroelectric Phase ◽  
Optical Transmittance ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Acoustic Characteristics ◽  
Partially Ordered

AbstractThe polarization kinetics in a transparent Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O_3–23Pb(Zr_0.53Ti_0.47)O_3 ferroceramic is investigated in the electric fields of 0 < E < 6 kV/cm. The optical transmittance, dielectric, and acoustic properties of ferroceramics are measured at room temperature. The dielectric and acoustic characteristics are found to instantly switch even in fields below the coercive, due to the emergence of a partially ordered ferroelectric phase. Furthermore, the polarized phase arisen in the electric field is not completely stable.

Resolution in photoelectron microscopy

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 458-459
Author(s):  
G. F. Rempfer
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Uniform Field ◽  
Virtual Image ◽  
Lens System ◽  
Photoemission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Planar Electrode ◽  
Electron Lens ◽  
Photoemission Electron

In photoelectron microscopy (PEM), also called photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM), the image is formed by electrons which have been liberated from the specimen by ultraviolet light. The electrons are accelerated by an electric field before being imaged by an electron lens system. The specimen is supported on a planar electrode (or the electrode itself may be the specimen), and the accelerating field is applied between the specimen, which serves as the cathode, and an anode. The accelerating field is essentially uniform except for microfields near the surface of the specimen and a diverging field near the anode aperture. The uniform field forms a virtual image of the specimen (virtual specimen) at unit lateral magnification, approximately twice as far from the anode as is the specimen. The diverging field at the anode aperture in turn forms a virtual image of the virtual specimen at magnification 2/3, at a distance from the anode of 4/3 the specimen distance. This demagnified virtual image is the object for the objective stage of the lens system.

Field-assisted ionization theory for microscopists

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 820-821
Author(s):  
Patrick P. Camus
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Electron Tunneling ◽  
Ionization Probability ◽  
Critical Distance ◽  
Tunneling Probability ◽  
Field Ionization ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Field Evaporation ◽  
A Value ◽  
Ion Emission

The theory of field ion emission is the study of electron tunneling probability enhanced by the application of a high electric field. At subnanometer distances and kilovolt potentials, the probability of tunneling of electrons increases markedly. Field ionization of gas atoms produce atomic resolution images of the surface of the specimen, while field evaporation of surface atoms sections the specimen. Details of emission theory may be found in monographs.Field ionization (FI) is the phenomena whereby an electric field assists in the ionization of gas atoms via tunneling. The tunneling probability is a maximum at a critical distance above the surface,xc, Fig. 1. Energy is required to ionize the gas atom at xc, I, but at a value reduced by the appliedelectric field, xcFe, while energy is recovered by placing the electron in the specimen, φ. The highest ionization probability occurs for those regions on the specimen that have the highest local electric field. Those atoms which protrude from the average surfacehave the smallest radius of curvature, the highest field and therefore produce the highest ionizationprobability and brightest spots on the imaging screen, Fig. 2. This technique is called field ion microscopy (FIM).

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