scholarly journals KASCADE-Grande energy reconstruction based on the lateral density distribution using the QGSJet-II.04 interaction model

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gherghel-Lascu ◽  
W. D. Apel ◽  
J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez ◽  
K. Bekk ◽  
M. Bertania ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Density Distribution ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Energy Reconstruction ◽  
Lateral Density Distribution

Study of extensive air showers at Mount Norikura. I. Measurement of lateral structure

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S17-S20 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Miyake ◽  
K. Hinotani ◽  
N. Ito ◽  
S. Kino ◽  
H. Sasaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Density Distribution ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Extensive Air Showers ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Complicated Structure ◽  
Unit Distance ◽  
Lateral Density Distribution ◽  
Lateral Structure

The lateral density distribution of charged particles in EAS is one of the essential parameters for the analysis of individual EAS. To measure the lateral density distribution in detail, 100 ¼-m2 scintillators were arranged in a lattice configuration with a unit distance of 5 m or 2.5 m. The conventional EAS array of 20 scintillators was also used to obtain densities up to about 100 m from the center. These observations are much more accurate than those obtained previously, and it has been found that there are various types of structure functions which can be approximated by the functions for single cascades of age parameter from 0.6 to 1.6. It was difficult in some instances to fit the lateral distribution by a unique function, especially for small EAS.The two-dimensional map obtained by means of the above 100 detectors shows that individual EAS have rarely a complicated structure within a range of about 20 m from the axis. The results are discussed in relation to the character of high-energy interactions as well as to fluctuations in the development of EAS.

Lateral Density Distribution of Charged Particles in the Central Region of Extensive Air Shower

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 847-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saburo Miyake ◽  
Kensaku Hinotani ◽  
Itsuo Katsumata ◽  
Tatsunosuke Kaneko ◽  
Nobuo Ito
Keyword(s):  
Density Distribution ◽  
Central Region ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
Extensive Air Shower ◽  
Air Shower ◽  
Lateral Density Distribution

Study of extensive air showers at Mount Norikura. IV. Lateral distribution of muons for types of EAS

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S107-S109 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Miyake ◽  
K. Hinotani ◽  
N. Ito ◽  
S. Kino ◽  
H. Sasaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Function ◽  
Density Distribution ◽  
Size Dependence ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Clear Correlation ◽  
Density Distribution Function ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Fixed Distance ◽  
Lateral Density Distribution

Muons accompanied by EAS have been observed by a neon hodoscope array 6 m2 in area placed 36 m from the center of the EAS array. The lateral density distribution function of muons and an average density at fixed distance are studied with respect to the size and age parameter of EAS. The EAS are in a size range of 106 to 107, and the muon density at distances of 15–55 m from the axis of EAS has been observed for muons which penetrate 20 cm of lead.Preliminary results obtained in this experiment are as follows: (1) The lateral density distribution of muons shows clear correlation with that of electrons: assuming the distribution function to be a power function of the distance from the axis, the exponent varies from steeper than −1.5 to flatter than −1.0 for younger and older EAS respectively. (2) The size dependence of muon density can be expressed as [Formula: see text], and is independent of the age parameter of EAS.

scholarly journals Study of themuon content of high-energy air showers with KASCADE-Grande

2019 ◽  
Vol 208 ◽  
pp. 06003
Author(s):  
J.C. Arteaga-Velázquez ◽  
D. Rivera-Rangel ◽  
W.D. Apel ◽  
K. Bekk ◽  
M. Bertaina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Density Distribution ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
Attenuation Length ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Hadronic Interaction ◽  
Lateral Density Distribution

In this work, we report measurements on the muon content (Eth > 230 MeV) of extensive air showers (EAS) induced by cosmic rays with primary energy from 10 PeV up to 1 EeV performed with the KASCADE-Grande experiment. The measurements are confronted with SIBYLL 2.3. The results are focused on the dependence of the total muon number and the lateral density distribution of muons in EAS on the zenith angle and the total number of charged particles in the shower. We also present updated results of a detailed study of the attenuation length of shower muons, which reveal a deviation between the measured data and the predictions of the post-LHC hadronic interaction models SIBYLL 2.3, QGSJET-II-04 and EPOS-LHC.

scholarly journals Tests of the SIBYLL 2.3 high-energy hadronic interaction model using the KASCADE-Grande muon data

2018 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 07003 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.C. Arteaga-Velázquez ◽  
D. Rivera-Rangel ◽  
W.D. Apel ◽  
K. Bekk ◽  
M. Bertaina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Attenuation Length ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Hadronic Interaction ◽  
Air Shower ◽  
Lateral Density Distribution ◽  
Shower Array

The KASCADE-Grande observatory was a ground-based air shower array dedicated to study the energy and composition of cosmic rays in the energy interval E = 1 PeV –1 EeV. The experiment consisted of different detector systems which allowed the simultaneous measurement of distinct components of air showers (EAS), such as the muon content. In this contribution, we study the total muon number and the lateral density distribution of muons in EAS detected by KASCADE-Grande as a function of the zenith angle and the total number of charged particles. The attenuation length of the muon content of EAS is also measured. The results are compared with the predictions of the SIBYLL 2.3 high-energy hadronic interaction model.

Criteria and Methods for Reliable Three-Dimensional Image Reconstruction

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 330-331
Author(s):  
R. A. Crowther
Keyword(s):  
Image Reconstruction ◽  
Finite Number ◽  
Density Distribution ◽  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
Mathematical Problem ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ideal Case ◽  
Dimensional Image ◽  
General Object ◽  
The Ideal

The reconstruction of a three-dimensional image of a specimen from a set of electron micrographs reduces, under certain assumptions about the imaging process in the microscope, to the mathematical problem of reconstructing a density distribution from a set of its plane projections.In the absence of noise we can formulate a purely geometrical criterion, which, for a general object, fixes the resolution attainable from a given finite number of views in terms of the size of the object. For simplicity we take the ideal case of projections collected by a series of m equally spaced tilts about a single axis.

A study on α-RuCl3 crystal structure by scanning tunneling microscopy

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 30-31
Author(s):  
H.-J. Cantow ◽  
H. Hillebrecht ◽  
S. Magonov ◽  
H. W. Rotter ◽  
G. Thiele
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Density Distribution ◽  
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Electron Density ◽  
Structure Determination ◽  
Electron Density Distribution ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Monoclinic Space Group ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
X Ray

From X-ray analysis, the conclusions are drawn from averaged molecular informations. Thus, limitations are caused when analyzing systems whose symmetry is reduced due to interatomic interactions. In contrast, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) directly images atomic scale surface electron density distribution, with a resolution up to fractions of Angstrom units. The crucial point is the correlation between the electron density distribution and the localization of individual atoms, which is reasonable in many cases. Thus, the use of STM images for crystal structure determination may be permitted. We tried to apply RuCl3 - a layered material with semiconductive properties - for such STM studies. From the X-ray analysis it has been assumed that α-form of this compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/m (AICI3 type). The chlorine atoms form an almost undistorted cubic closed package while Ru occupies 2/3 of the octahedral holes in every second layer building up a plane hexagon net (graphite net). Idealizing the arrangement of the chlorines a hexagonal symmetry would be expected. X-ray structure determination of isotypic compounds e.g. IrBr3 leads only to averaged positions of the metal atoms as there exist extended stacking faults of the metal layers.

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