scholarly journals Comment on “Gauge-invariant expectation values of the energy of a molecule in an electromagnetic field” [J. Chem. Phys. 144, 044109 (2016)]

2016 ◽  
Vol 145 (14) ◽  
pp. 147102 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Guy Woolley
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Chem Phys ◽  
Expectation Values ◽  
Gauge Invariant

The interaction of molecular multipoles with the electromagnetic field in the canonical formulation of non-covariant quantum electrodynamics

1970 ◽  
Vol 319 (1539) ◽  
pp. 549-563 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Physical Interpretation ◽  
Quantum Electrodynamics ◽  
Unitary Transformation ◽  
Canonical Quantization ◽  
Multipole Moments ◽  
Gauge Invariant ◽  
Covariant Quantum ◽  
Canonical Formulation ◽  
Gauge Conditions

The procedure devised by Dirac for the canonical quantization of systems described by degenerate lagrangians is used to construct the hamiltonian for molecules interacting with the electromagnetic field. The hamiltonian obtained is expressed in terms of the gauge invariant field strengths and the electric and magnetic multipole moments of the molecules. The Coulomb gauge is introduced but other gauge conditions could be used. Finally, a physical interpretation of the unitary transformation that may be used to generate the multipole hamiltonian is given.

Classical electrodynamics of spinning particles

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 943-947
Author(s):  
Bruce Hoeneisen
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Angular Momentum ◽  
Wave Equations ◽  
Dipole Moments ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Radiation Reaction ◽  
Classical Electrodynamics ◽  
Electric Dipole Moments ◽  
Gauge Invariant ◽  
Intrinsic Angular Momentum

We consider particles with mass, charge, intrinsic magnetic and electric dipole moments, and intrinsic angular momentum in interaction with a classical electromagnetic field. From this action we derive the equations of motion of the position and intrinsic angular momentum of the particle including the radiation reaction, the wave equations of the fields, the current density, and the energy-momentum and angular momentum of the system. The theory is covariant with respect to the general Lorentz group, is gauge invariant, and contains no divergent integrals.

scholarly journals THE PROPER TIME EQUATION AND THE ZAMOLODCHIKOV METRIC

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 2887-2906 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. SATHIAPALAN
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Renormalization Group ◽  
Vector Field ◽  
Proper Time ◽  
Beta Function ◽  
Open String ◽  
Point Function ◽  
Gauge Invariant ◽  
Electromagnetic Field Strength ◽  
Uniform Electromagnetic Field

The connection between the proper time equation and the Zamolodchikov metric is discussed. The connection is twofold. First, as already known, the proper time equation is the product of the Zamolodchikov metric and the renormalization group beta function. Second, the condition that the two-point function is the Zamolodchikov metric implies the proper time equation. We study the massless vector of the open string in detail. In the exactly calculable case of a uniform electromagnetic field strength we recover the Born-Infeld equation. We describe the systematics of the perturbative evaluation of the gauge-invariant proper time equation for the massless vector field. The method is valid for nonuniform fields and gives results that are exact to all orders in derivatives. As a nontrivial check, we show that in the limit of uniform fields it reproduces the lowest order Born-Infeld equation.

scholarly journals CONNECTING GREEN FUNCTIONS IN AN ARBITRARY PAIR OF GAUGES AND AN APPLICATION TO PLANAR GAUGES

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (31) ◽  
pp. 5043-5059 ◽  
Author(s):  
SATISH D. JOGLEKAR
Keyword(s):  
Green Function ◽  
Finite Field ◽  
Path Integrals ◽  
Green Functions ◽  
Expectation Values ◽  
Gauge Invariant ◽  
Yang Mills ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Gauge Connection ◽  
Arbitrary Gauge

We establish a finite field-dependent BRS transformation that connects the Yang–Mills path integrals with the Faddeev–Popov effective actions for an arbitrary pair of gauges F and F'. We establish a result that relates an arbitrary Green function (either a primary one or that of an operator) in an arbitrary gauge F' to those in gauge F that are compatible to the ones in gauge Fby its construction. This is because the construction preserves expectation values of gauge-invariant observables. We establish parallel results also for the planar gauge-Lorentz gauge connection.

scholarly journals COSMOLOGICAL BARYOGENESIS IN SUPERSTRING MODELS WITH STABLE PROTONS

1986 ◽  
Vol 01 (06) ◽  
pp. 389-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.A. CAMPBELL ◽  
J. ELLIS ◽  
D.V. NANOPOULOS ◽  
K.A. OLIVE
Keyword(s):  
Effective Action ◽  
Scalar Fields ◽  
Baryon Density ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Expectation Values ◽  
Gauge Invariant ◽  
Energy Models

We discuss cosmological baryogenesis in phenomenological low-energy models inspired by the superstring which have an unobservably long baryon lifetime. The Affleck-Dine mechanism of baryogenesis in a cold (≲104 GeV ) universe is shown to be feasible, with a large baryon density being produced by the decays of large expectation values for squark and slepton fields after inflation. We catalogue the gauge-invariant quartic scalar operators in the low-energy effective action which could appear once supersymmetry is broken, show that the D-terms in the potential can vanish, and discuss the possibility that the F-terms have flat directions allowing large values for these scalar fields.

scholarly journals Supercharged AdS3 Holography

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sami Rawash ◽  
David Turton
Keyword(s):  
De Sitter ◽  
Expectation Values ◽  
Chiral Algebra ◽  
Gauge Invariant ◽  
Conformal Field ◽  
Microscopic Interpretation ◽  
Large Families ◽  
Single Trace ◽  
Holographic Description ◽  
Supergravity Solution

Abstract Given an asymptotically Anti-de Sitter supergravity solution, one can obtain a microscopic interpretation by identifying the corresponding state in the holographically dual conformal field theory. This is of particular importance for heavy pure states that are candidate black hole microstates. Expectation values of light operators in such heavy CFT states are encoded in the asymptotic expansion of the dual bulk configuration. In the D1-D5 system, large families of heavy pure CFT states have been proposed to be holographically dual to smooth horizonless supergravity solutions. We derive the precision holographic dictionary in a new sector of light operators that are superdescendants of scalar chiral primaries of dimension (1,1). These operators involve the action of the supercharges of the chiral algebra, and they play a central role in the proposed holographic description of recently-constructed supergravity solutions known as “supercharged superstrata”. We resolve the mixing of single-trace and multi-trace operators in the CFT to identify the combinations that are dual to single-particle states in the bulk. We identify the corresponding gauge-invariant combinations of supergravity fields. We use this expanded dictionary to probe the proposed holographic description of supercharged superstrata, finding precise agreement between gravity and CFT.

scholarly journals ARE THERE TOPOLOGICALLY CHARGED STATES ASSOCIATED WITH QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS?

1994 ◽  
Vol 09 (22) ◽  
pp. 4009-4028 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. C. MARINO
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Quantum Electrodynamics ◽  
Topological Charge ◽  
Invariant Operator ◽  
Gauge Invariant ◽  
Intensity Threshold ◽  
Topological Current ◽  
New States ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Electrically Charged

We present a generalization of quantum electrodynamics (QED) in terms of an antisymmetric tensor gauge field. In this formulation the topological current of this field appears as a source for the electromagnetic field and the topological charge therefore acts physically as an electric charge. The charged states of QED lie in the sector where the topological charge is identical to the matter charge. The antisymmetric field theory, however, admits new sectors where the topological charge is more general. These nontrivial, electrically charged sectors contain massless states orthogonal to the vacuum which are created by a gauge-invariant operator and can be interpreted as coherent states of photons. We evaluate the correlation functions of these states in the absence of matter. The new states have a positive definite norm and do interact with the charged states of QED in the usual way. It is argued that if these new sectors are in fact realized in nature, then a very intense background electromagnetic field is necessary for their experimental observation. The order of magnitude of the intensity threshold is estimated. The value of the quantum of charge is also obtained.

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