Temperature dependence of the refractive index of strontium titanate and prism coupling to lithium niobate optical waveguides

1982 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 4054-4056 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Schneider ◽  
P. J. Cressman ◽  
R. L. Holman
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Lithium Niobate ◽  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Strontium Titanate ◽  
Optical Waveguides ◽  
Prism Coupling

Epitaxially induced secondary grain growth in Ti:LiNbO3 optical waveguides

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 424-425
Author(s):  
M. A. McCoy
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Solid Solution ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Refractive Index ◽  
Lithium Niobate ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Optical Waveguides ◽  
Waveguide Devices ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Electro Optic

Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) is one of the most promising materials for use in hybrid optical waveguide devices because of its high electro-optic coefficient and its availability as large single crystals. Optical waveguides in LiNbO3 are most commonly made by Ti indiffusion in which strips of Ti metal (between 10 and 100 nm thick) are deposited on a single crystal LiNbO3 substrate. The device is then heated to temperatures around 1000°C typically for 6 hours. During this time, the Ti diffuses into the LiNbO3 to form a Ti-rich LiNbO3 solid solution. This solid solution has a higher refractive index than the substrate and forms the waveguide region. Factors controlling the indiffusion process, however, are not very well understood and very little is known about the microstructural changes which occur during Ti indiffusion. In this study, the microstructure of Ti:LiNbO3 optical waveguides was examined as a function of time and temperature using transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

scholarly journals Повышение эффективности интегрально-оптического сверхпроводящего датчика одиночных фотонов на подложке ниобата лития за счет дополнительного покровного слоя с высоким показателем преломления

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (16) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
М.В. Парфенов ◽  
А.В. Шамрай
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Refractive Index ◽  
Lithium Niobate ◽  
Optical Waveguides ◽  
Optical Radiation ◽  
High Refractive Index ◽  
Niobium Nitride ◽  
Superconducting Layer ◽  
Waveguide Modes ◽  
Absorption Of Light

A mechanism of amplification of interaction between optical radiation and superconducting niobium nitride thin film placed on the surface of optical waveguides, which are fabricated on lithium niobate substrate, is investigated. This effect can be obtained with help of an additional covering layer with high refractive index. It was shown that adiabatic deformation of waveguide modes can increase absorption of light in a superconducting layer up to ~ 1 dB/µm, making it possible to fabricate a SSPD on lithium niobate with quantum efficiency of about 70%.

TEM characterization of proton-exchanged LiNbO3 optical waveguides

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 480-481
Author(s):  
W. E. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Optical Waveguides ◽  
Total Internal Reflection ◽  
Index Of Refraction ◽  
Optical Measurements ◽  
Lithium Ions ◽  
Wide Channel ◽  
Tem Characterization

An optical waveguide consists of a several-micron wide channel with a slightly different index of refraction than the host substrate; light can be trapped in the channel by total internal reflection.Optical waveguides can be formed from single-crystal LiNbO3 using the proton exhange technique. In this technique, polished specimens are masked with polycrystal1ine chromium in such a way as to leave 3-13 μm wide channels. These are held in benzoic acid at 249°C for 5 minutes allowing protons to exchange for lithium ions within the channels causing an increase in the refractive index of the channel and creating the waveguide. Unfortunately, optical measurements often reveal a loss in waveguiding ability up to several weeks after exchange.

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