Efficient coupling of thermal electron Bernstein waves to the ordinary electromagnetic mode on the National Spherical Torus Experiment

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 052511 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Taylor ◽  
P. C. Efthimion ◽  
B. P. LeBlanc ◽  
M. D. Carter ◽  
J. B. Caughman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spherical Torus ◽  
Thermal Electron ◽  
Electromagnetic Mode ◽  
Bernstein Waves ◽  
Efficient Coupling

Enhanced conversion of thermal electron Bernstein waves to the extraordinary electromagnetic mode on the National Spherical Torus Experiment

2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1395-1401 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Taylor ◽  
P. C. Efthimion ◽  
B. Jones ◽  
B. P. LeBlanc ◽  
J. R. Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spherical Torus ◽  
Thermal Electron ◽  
Electromagnetic Mode ◽  
Bernstein Waves

Efficient generation of noninductive, off-axis, Ohkawa current, driven by electron Bernstein waves in high β, spherical torus plasmas

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 4733-4739 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Taylor ◽  
P. C. Efthimion ◽  
C. E. Kessel ◽  
R. W. Harvey ◽  
A. P. Smirnov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spherical Torus ◽  
Efficient Generation ◽  
Bernstein Waves

scholarly journals Efficient Generation of Non-Inductive, Off-axis, Ohkawa Current, Driven by Electron Bernstein Waves in High Beta, Spherical Torus Plasmas

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Taylor ◽  
P.C. Efthimion ◽  
C.E. Kessel ◽  
R.W. Harvey ◽  
A.P. Smirnov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spherical Torus ◽  
Efficient Generation ◽  
Bernstein Waves ◽  
High Beta

scholarly journals Dirac-like cone-based electromagnetic zero-index metamaterials

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Li ◽  
C. T. Chan ◽  
Eric Mazur
Keyword(s):  
Large Area ◽  
Fundamental Physics ◽  
Electromagnetic Mode ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Refractive Index Material ◽  
Efficient Coupling ◽  
On Chip ◽  
Nonlinear Signal ◽  
Collective Emission ◽  
Zero Index

AbstractMetamaterials with a Dirac-like cone dispersion at the center of the Brillouin zone behave like an isotropic and impedance-matched zero refractive index material at the Dirac-point frequency. Such metamaterials can be realized in the form of either bulk metamaterials with efficient coupling to free-space light or on-chip metamaterials that are efficiently coupled to integrated photonic circuits. These materials enable the interactions of a spatially uniform electromagnetic mode with matter over a large area in arbitrary shapes. This unique optical property paves the way for many applications, including arbitrarily shaped high-transmission waveguides, nonlinear enhancement, and phase mismatch-free nonlinear signal generation, and collective emission of many emitters. This review summarizes the Dirac-like cone-based zero-index metamaterials’ fundamental physics, design, experimental realizations, and potential applications.

Recent developments in low-voltage SEM of polymers

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 866-867
Author(s):  
S.J. Krause ◽  
W.W. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Low Voltage ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Thermal Electron ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Beam Currents ◽  
New Generation ◽  
First Time ◽  
Voltage Scanning ◽  
Beam Damage

Over the past decade low voltage scanning electron microscopy (LVSEM) of polymers has evolved from an interesting curiosity to a powerful analytical technique. This development has been driven by improved instrumentation and in particular, reliable field emission gun (FEG) SEMs. The usefulness of LVSEM has also grown because of an improved theoretical and experimental understanding of sample-beam interactions and by advances in sample preparation and operating techniques. This paper will review progress in polymer LVSEM and present recent results and developments in the field.In the early 1980s a new generation of SEMs produced beam currents that were sufficient to allow imaging at low voltages from 5keV to 0.5 keV. Thus, for the first time, it became possible to routinely image uncoated polymers at voltages below their negative charging threshold, the "second crossover", E2 (Fig. 1). LVSEM also improved contrast and reduced beam damage in sputter metal coated polymers. Unfortunately, resolution was limited to a few tenths of a micron due to the low brightness and chromatic aberration of thermal electron emission sources.

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