The Variation in the Structure of Water in Ionic Solutions. II

1943 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Solutions ◽  
Structure Of Water

THEORY OF IONIC SOLUTIONS

1984 ◽  
Vol 45 (C7) ◽  
pp. C7-97-C7-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Solutions

Bulk Contributions Modulate the Sum-Frequency Generation Spectra of Interfacial Water on Model Sea-Spray Aerosols

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep K. Reddy ◽  
Raphael Thiraux ◽  
Bethany A. Wellen Rudd ◽  
Lu Lin ◽  
Tehseen Adel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Layer ◽  
Sum Frequency Generation ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Interfacial Structure ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Sum Frequency ◽  
Structure Of Water ◽  
Frequency Generation

Vibrational sum-frequency generation (vSFG) spectroscopy is used to determine the molecular structure of water at the interface of palmitic acid monolayers. Both measured and calculated spectra display speci c features due to third-order contributions to the vSFG response which are associated with nite interfacial electric potentials. We demonstrate that theoretical modeling enables to separate the third-order contributions, thus allowing for a systematic analysis of the strictly surface-sensitive, second-order component of the vSFG response. This study provides fundamental, molecular-level insights into the interfacial structure of water in a neutral surfactant system with relevance to single layer bio-membranes and environmentally relevant sea-spray aerosols. These results emphasize the key role that computer simulations can play in interpreting vSFG spectra and revealing microscopic details of water at complex interfaces, which can be difficult to extract from experiments due to the mixing of second-order, surface-sensitive and third-order, bulk-dependent contributions to the vSFG response.

Institutional and legislative structure of water quality management in Turkey

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 261-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selmin Burak ◽  
I. Ethem Gönenç ◽  
Arzu Erol
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Management ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
Secondary Importance ◽  
Structure Of Water ◽  
Legal Structure ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Legislative Structure

This paper examines the administrative and legal structure of the wastewater sector in Turkey, identifying its shortcomings and their causes, and suggests solutions. The study begins by outlining the existing administrative and legal structure, then focusing on the areas where difficulties are faced and seeking solutions to them. Those administrative and legal facets which have produced improvements and/or function effectively have been analysed so as to provide examples for other areas. When examining the sector it was observed that problems common to every area are the failure to adequately define powers and responsibilities, the lack of coordination between sectoral organisations, and the fact that attention is generally concentrated on routine matters of secondary importance. The fact that numerous organisations share powers in the same area causes confusion. Plurality also creates difficulties where enforcement is concerned. The existence of more than one set of regulations relating to the same area gives rise to loopholes. At the same time, unrealistic, and hence unenforceable standards undermine the effectiveness of sanctions. It has been concluded that a single organisation should be invested with the legal powers to lay down the principles of water management, that environmental courts should be set up to enforce legislation by means of sanctions; and that for this purpose existing legislation should be reexamined and revised as necessary and/or brought up to date.

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