Sample cell capable of 100% relative humidity suitable for x-ray diffraction of aligned lipid multibilayers

2000 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 1737-1739 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Katsaras ◽  
M. J. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Sample Cell ◽  
X Ray

A sample cell for diffraction studies with control of temperature, relative humidity and applied electric field

2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 531-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frode Mo ◽  
Kjell Ramsøskar
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Rochelle Salt ◽  
Epitaxial Thin Films ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Sample Cell ◽  
X Ray

Sample cells for applying an electric field on the sample during synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments have been designed and built, both for small single crystals in an arbitrary orientation and for thin films. For the former type of sample, the cell also includes equipment for control of relative humidity and temperature. Cells of different design have been used successfully with single crystals of two distinct phases of the organic ferroelectric Rochelle salt and in studies of epitaxial thin films of ferroelectric PbTiO3on a SrTiO3substrate under weak electric fields.

scholarly journals Bottleneck Effect Explained by Le Bail Refinements: Structure Transformation of Mg-CUK-1 by Confining H2O Molecules

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1840
Author(s):  
Elí Sánchez-González ◽  
J. Gabriel Flores ◽  
Julio C. Flores-Reyes ◽  
Ivette Morales-Salazar ◽  
Roberto E. Blanco-Carapia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Co2 Capture ◽  
Unit Cell ◽  
Structure Transformation ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Bottleneck Effect ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cell Parameters ◽  
Hydrogen Bonded

The structure transformation of Mg-CUK-1 due to the confinement of H2O molecules was investigated. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns were collected at different H2O loadings and the cell parameters of the H2O-loaded Mg-CUK-1 material were determined by the Le Bail strategy refinements. A bottleneck effect was observed when one hydrogen-bonded H2O molecule per unit cell (18% relative humidity (RH)) was confined within Mg-CUK-1, confirming the increase in the CO2 capture for Mg-CUK-1.

An X-ray diffraction system with controlled relative humidity and temperature

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 288-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hashizume ◽  
S. Shimomura ◽  
H. Yamada ◽  
T. Fujita ◽  
H. Nakazawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Saturated Water Vapor ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Saturated Water ◽  
Sample Chamber ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Xrd Patterns

A system enabling X-ray diffraction patterns under controlled conditions of relative humidity and temperature has been devised and combined with an X-ray powder diffractometer. Relative humidity in the sample space is controlled by mixing dry N2 gas with saturated water vapor. Temperatures of the sample and inner wall of the sample chamber are monitored by two attached thermocouples and the information was fed back to the control unit. Relative humidity between 0% and the 95%, and temperature between room temperature and 60 °C can be controlled. All parameters including those for XRD are programmable and the system runs automatically. The function of the system was checked by recording the XRD patterns of montmorillonite (a clay mineral) and NaCl under increasing and decreasing relative humidity.

A sample cell forin situelectric-field-dependent structural characterization and macroscopic strain measurements

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 694-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad J. Hossain ◽  
Lijun Wang ◽  
Zhiyang Wang ◽  
Neamul H. Khansur ◽  
Manuel Hinterstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Linear Displacement ◽  
Displacement Sensor ◽  
Macroscopic Strain ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Sample Cell ◽  
Structural Variations ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Electric Potentials

When studying electro-mechanical materials, observing the structural changes during the actuation process is necessary for gaining a complete picture of the structure–property relationship as certain mechanisms may be meta-stable during actuation.In situdiffraction methods offer a powerful and direct means of quantifying the structural contributions to the macroscopic strain of these materials. Here, a sample cell is demonstrated capable of measuring the structural variations of electro-mechanical materials under applied electric potentials up to 10 kV. The cell is designed for use with X-ray scattering techniques in reflection geometry, while simultaneously collecting macroscopic strain data using a linear displacement sensor. The results show that the macroscopic strain measured using the cell can be directly correlated with the microscopic response of the material obtained from diffraction data. The capabilities of the cell have been successfully demonstrated at the Powder Diffraction beamline of the Australian Synchrotron and the potential implementation of this cell with laboratory X-ray diffraction instrumentation is also discussed.

scholarly journals Influence of SnO2 Content on the Humidity Dependent Impedance of the MgFe2O4-Fe2O3-SnO2 Compound

Chemosensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Vesna Nikolic ◽  
Miloljub D. Lukovic
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Complex Impedance ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Impedance Data ◽  
Analyze Sample ◽  
Relative Humidity Range ◽  
Humidity Range ◽  
Dominant Influence

A porous MgFe2O4-Fe2O3-SnO2 bulk compound with varying SnO2 content was obtained by sintering an appropriate mixture of magnesium oxide, hematite and tin oxide nanopowders at 1000 and 1100 °C. The obtained structure was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze sample morphology, showing that the addition of SnO2 resulted in an inhomogeneous microstructure with smaller grain size especially at 1000 °C. Significant grain growth of hematite grains was noted at 1100 °C. The influence of relative humidity in the range 30–90% was monitored at room temperature (25 °C) in the frequency range 42 Hz- 1 MHz. The highest reduction of impedance with humidity was noted at lower frequency. Addition of low amounts of SnO2 and sintering at 1000 °C resulted in the highest sensitivity at 105 Hz of 0.391 MΩ/%RH in the RH30–90% range, while the compound with the highest amount of SnO2 showed the largest decrease in impedance with increase in relative humidity ~26 times. All samples showed low hysteresis (below 2%). Complex impedance data was analyzed using equivalent circuits reflecting the dominant influence of the grain boundary in the lower relative humidity range (30–60%) and both grain boundary and grain components in the higher relative humidity range (60–90%).

Preparation and Electrical Conductivity of Bismuth-Doped Antimonic Acids

1998 ◽  
Vol 548 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Ozawa ◽  
Y. Sakka ◽  
M. Amano
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Empirical Formula ◽  
Cell Parameter ◽  
Impedance Method ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Bismuth Content ◽  
Humidity Dependence

ABSTRACTBismuth-doped antimonic acids with the empirical formula Sb2O5·xBi2O3·nH2O (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2) were prepared by reacting an H2O3, aqueous solution with Sb(O-i-C3H7)3and Bi(O-i-C3H7)3. X-ray diffraction confirmed that the anhydrous composites, Sb2O·xBi2O3(0 ≤ x ≤ 0. 1), are a single cubic Sb2O5phase, where the cubic cell parameter increases linearly from 10.277 to 10.380 Å with the bismuth content x. The electrical conductivity of the polycrystalline disks for Sb2O5·xBi2O3·nH2O (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1) was evaluated by an ac impedance method at 19.5 °C under various conditions of relative humidity. The conductivity of Sb2O5·xBi2O3·nH2O with x = 0.1 was found to be high (1.0 × 10−3Scm−1) even at a relative humidity of 68.3%. There was a stronger humidity dependence than that of Sb2O5·xBi2O3·nH2O with x = 0.

scholarly journals CuO-Ga2O3 Thin Films as a Gas-Sensitive Material for Acetone Detection

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 3142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Dyndal ◽  
Arkadiusz Zarzycki ◽  
Wojciech Andrysiewicz ◽  
Dominik Grochala ◽  
Konstanty Marszalek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Magnetron Sputtering ◽  
Gas Sensing ◽  
Pure Oxygen ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Sensitive Material ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Acetone Detection ◽  
Reactive Mode

The p-n heterostructures of CuO-Ga2O3 obtained by magnetron sputtering technology in a fully reactive mode (deposition in pure oxygen) were tested under exposure to low acetone concentrations. After deposition, the films were annealed at previously confirmed conditions (400 °C/4 h/synthetic air) and further investigated by utilization of X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray reflectivity (XRR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The gas-sensing behavior was tested in the air/acetone atmosphere in the range of 0.1–1.25 ppm, as well as at various relative humidity (RH) levels (10–85%). The highest responses were obtained for samples based on the CuO-Ga2O3 (4% at. Ga).

scholarly journals In situ monitoring of hydration and dehydration in pharmaceutical solids

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (a1) ◽  
pp. C906-C906
Author(s):  
Andrew Bond ◽  
Dhara Raijada ◽  
Jukka Rantanen ◽  
Ioana Sovago ◽  
Jacco van de Streek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
In Situ Monitoring ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Pharmaceutical Solids ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Dehydration Processes ◽  
Static Conditions ◽  
Hydration And Dehydration

This talk will describe a multi-technique study of hydration and dehydration in pharmaceutical solids, using sodium naproxen as a case study. The aim of the work is to establish molecular-level structural understanding of the chemical changes that take place in the solid state as a function of temperature and relative humidity. Dynamic vapour sorption (DVS) analysis on the anhydrous compound carried out as a function of temperature provides a preliminary overview of the solid-form landscape and identifies static conditions to obtain four different hydrate forms [1]. Differences in the sorption and desorption cycles indicates the existence of a polymorphic dihydrate, and the two polymorphs show significant differences in their dehydration behaviour. Crystal structures are established for all phases in the system using either single-crystal or powder X-ray diffraction data, supplemented by dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT-D) calculations. The hydration and dehydration processes are monitored by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), as a function of relative humidity and temperature, and by variable-temperature solid-state 13C and 23Na NMR. Synchrotron PXRD is applied to the two dihydrate polymorphs to monitor the dehydration processes in approximately real time. The kinetic and structural details of dehydration are established by applying parametric Rietveld refinement [2] to the synchrotron data. This approach adds a structural picture to the kinetic processes. The PXRD studies indicate an essentially continuous dehydration pathway from one of the dihydrate polymorphs to the monohydrate, but a stepped dehydration pathway for the other dihydrate polymorph. The different mechanisms are linked to different degrees of structural similarity, and in particular to the existence of topotactic or non-topotactic transformations between the dihydrate polymorphs and the unique monohydrate and anhydrate phases.

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