Magnetic susceptibility measurements of ultrathin films using the surface magneto-optic Kerr effect: Optimization of the signal-to-noise ratio

1997 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 4212-4216 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Arnold ◽  
M. Dunlavy ◽  
D. Venus
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Susceptibility ◽  
Ultrathin Films ◽  
Kerr Effect ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
Magneto Optic

scholarly journals Modeling of Ultra-Long Span Bidirectional Raman Transmission Link Using Three-Segment Hybrid Fiber Core Structure

Photonics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Syuaib ◽  
Muhamad Asvial ◽  
Eko Tjipto Rahardjo
Keyword(s):  
Kerr Effect ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Optical Signal ◽  
Core Area ◽  
Transmission Performance ◽  
Hybrid Fiber ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Long Span ◽  
Nonlinear Kerr Effect ◽  
Noise Ratio

Ultra-long span unrepeatered systems using distributed Raman amplification are cost-effective solutions for bridging moderate transmission distances. However, there are two major limiting factors: nonlinear Kerr effect-induced nonlinear signal distortion and optical signal-to-noise ratio degradation due to spontaneous Raman noise. In this report, we proposed a model of three-segment hybrid fiber effective core area structure and developed a model covering: (1) generalized mathematical formulations, (2) analysis of three-segment Raman amplified link, and (3) simulation model of data transmission. The proposed model showed an improvement of the Raman gain profile, a reduction of the negative impact of the nonlinear Kerr effect, and an enhancement of the optical signal-to-noise ratio. A numerical simulation of the transmission performance of the three-segment hybrid structure was compared to conventional single-segment single fiber core structure on 80 Gb/s differential quadrature phase-shift keying (DQPSK) modulated data signals over a propagation distance of 390 km. The required optical signal-to-noise ratio was reduced by 2.71 dB to achieve the target error rate without using forward error correction. The numerical model and simulation of various data rates up to 100 Gb/s consistently showed that an improvement in transmission performance could be achieved by using three-segment hybrid fiber effective core area structure.

Signal‐to‐noise ratio for magneto‐optic readout from quadrilayer structures

1983 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 742-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. N. Connell ◽  
D. Treves ◽  
R. Allen ◽  
M. Mansuripur
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
Magneto Optic

Determination of the Best Emulsion for the Microscopy of Crystals

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 32-33
Author(s):  
David A. Grano ◽  
Kenneth H. Downing
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Experimental Situation ◽  
Photographic Emulsion ◽  
Modulation Transfer ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Frequency Space ◽  
Noise Ratio

The retrieval of high-resolution information from images of biological crystals depends, in part, on the use of the correct photographic emulsion. We have been investigating the information transfer properties of twelve emulsions with a view toward 1) characterizing the emulsions by a few, measurable quantities, and 2) identifying the “best” emulsion of those we have studied for use in any given experimental situation. Because our interests lie in the examination of crystalline specimens, we've chosen to evaluate an emulsion's signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as a function of spatial frequency and use this as our critereon for determining the best emulsion.The signal-to-noise ratio in frequency space depends on several factors. First, the signal depends on the speed of the emulsion and its modulation transfer function (MTF). By procedures outlined in, MTF's have been found for all the emulsions tested and can be fit by an analytic expression 1/(1+(S/S0)2). Figure 1 shows the experimental data and fitted curve for an emulsion with a better than average MTF. A single parameter, the spatial frequency at which the transfer falls to 50% (S0), characterizes this curve.

Experiments in Bright-Field Imaging with Hollow-Cone Illumination

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 226-227
Author(s):  
W. Kunath ◽  
K. Weiss ◽  
E. Zeitler
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Carbon Support ◽  
Electronic System ◽  
Optic Axis ◽  
Hollow Cone ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Bright Field ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
Single Field ◽  
Field Imaging

Bright-field images taken with axial illumination show spurious high contrast patterns which obscure details smaller than 15 ° Hollow-cone illumination (HCI), however, reduces this disturbing granulation by statistical superposition and thus improves the signal-to-noise ratio. In this presentation we report on experiments aimed at selecting the proper amount of tilt and defocus for improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio by means of direct observation of the electron images on a TV monitor.Hollow-cone illumination is implemented in our microscope (single field condenser objective, Cs = .5 mm) by an electronic system which rotates the tilted beam about the optic axis. At low rates of revolution (one turn per second or so) a circular motion of the usual granulation in the image of a carbon support film can be observed on the TV monitor. The size of the granular structures and the radius of their orbits depend on both the conical tilt and defocus.

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