Capillary viscometer for evaluating low‐viscosity solutions at elevated temperatures

1986 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 2310-2314 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Cunningham ◽  
P. H. Doe ◽  
S. D. Joshi ◽  
A. Moradi‐Araghi
Keyword(s):  
Viscosity Solutions ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Capillary Viscometer ◽  
Low Viscosity

Influence of polyols and bulking agents on flavour release from low-viscosity solutions

2011 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 1462-1468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Siefarth ◽  
Oxana Tyapkova ◽  
Jonathan Beauchamp ◽  
Ute Schweiggert ◽  
Andrea Buettner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viscosity Solutions ◽  
Bulking Agents ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Flavour Release

Rheology and Microstructure of Polymer/Asphalt Blends

1991 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Bouldin ◽  
J. H. Collins ◽  
A. Berker
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Polymer Concentration ◽  
Deformation Energy ◽  
Plateau Modulus ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Mechanical Measurements ◽  
Polymer Type

Abstract This work demonstrates the effectiveness of polymers in improving, especially, the high temperature properties of asphalt. The appropriate choice of asphalt, asphalt-grade, polymer type, polymer concentration, and the method of mixing determine if a network-like structure is formed. This morphology significantly improves the creep performance of the binder at elevated temperatures, i.e., the binder has the ability to store deformation energy with subsequent recoil. This is contrary to Newtonian fluids which transform the energy into viscous flow (no recoil). Within the context of dynamic mechanical measurements, the presence of a polymeric network is manifested through the appearance of a plateau modulus. In the case of binders containing block copolymers, we have repeatedly observed that such property improvement in the high-temperature range is generally accompanied by a reduction of the glassy modulus at the low-temperature range as well. It should be noted that by modifying low-viscosity asphalts (i.e., low AC-grades) with polymers, binders can be obtained which exhibit significantly lower moduli at low temperatures and higher moduli at elevated temperatures. This suggests that although using a high AC-grade asphalt may yield satisfactory results at a particular temperature (high temperature), one may instead optimize binders over the entire temperature range (high and low) by starting with a low AC-grade and adding polymer. These results indicate that careful Theological measurements can be a powerful tool in the characterization and design of viscoelastic blends.

A Smart Interface for Reliable Intradermal Injection and Infusion of High and Low Viscosity Solutions

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 647-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Vosseler ◽  
Michael Jugl ◽  
Roland Zengerle
Keyword(s):  
Viscosity Solutions ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Low Viscosity

Rotational depolarization of fluorescence in low-viscosity solutions

1993 ◽  
Vol 97 (15) ◽  
pp. 3668-3670 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Alicki ◽  
M. Alicka ◽  
A. Kubicki
Keyword(s):  
Viscosity Solutions ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Rotational Depolarization

Characterization of the Viscosity of Blends of Dimethyl Ether With Various Fuels and Additives

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirish Bhide ◽  
David Morris ◽  
Jonathan Leroux ◽  
Kimberly S. Wain ◽  
Joseph M. Perez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dimethyl Ether ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Mixture Fraction ◽  
Capillary Viscometer ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Blend Ratios ◽  
Low Sulfur

Dimethyl ether (DME) is a potential ultra clean diesel fuel. Dimethyl ether burns without producing the smoke associated with diesel combustion and can be manufactured from synthesis gas or methanol. However, DME has a low viscosity compared to diesel fuel and has insufficient lubricity to prevent exc essive wear in fuel injection systems. One strategy to utilize DME is to blend it with diesel fuel to obtain cleaner burning fuels that retain satisfactory fuel properties. In the present work, the viscosity of blends of DME and various fuels and additives was characterized, including a federal low sulfur fuel, soybean oil, biodiesel and various lubricity additives, over a range of blend ratios. A methodology was developed to utilize a high pressure capillary viscometer to measure the viscosity of pure DME and blends of DME and other compounds in varying proportions and at pressures up to 3500 psig. While DME is miscible in diesel fuel at any mixture fraction when the blend is held under pressures of 75 psi or above, the viscosity of the blends is below the ASTM diesel fuel specification for even a 25 wt.% blend of DME in diesel fuel. None of the additives or fuels provides adequate viscosity when blended with DME unless the blend contains less than 50% DME. Viscosity, rather than lubricity, may be the limiting factor in utilizing DME.

Amine Terminated Reactive Liquid Polymers; Modification of Thermoset Resins

1981 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 374-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. K. Riew
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
Secondary Amide ◽  
Amine Group ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
End Groups ◽  
Liquid Polymers ◽  
Reactive Liquid

Abstract Amine terminated reactive liquid polymers (AT-RLP) are synthesized from corresponding carboxyl terminated reactive liquid polymers (CT-RLP) and diamines. The CT-RLPs have a functionality of close to two, the average molecular weight ranging from 2500 to 4000, and Brookfield viscosity ranging from 30 to 600 Pa · s at 27°C. AT-RLPs made from the CT-RLPs have about the same physical properties as the CT-RLPs given above. N-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine (AEP2) is the best diamine among the diamines tried to produce low viscosity and low molecular weight AT-RLPs. Structure of end-groups of AT-RLP is unequivocally identified as a secondary amide and a secondary amine group resulting from the reaction of carboxyl end-groups of CT-RLP and a primary amine group of AEP,. The AT-RLP can be used as a modifier for epoxy resins at room or elevated temperatures to produce castable formulations with properties ranging from plastics to elastomers. The formulations may be useful as a modifier for improvement of crack and/or impact resistance of normally brittle epoxy plastics, as castable elastomers, paints and coatings, sealants, adhesives, especially as solventless adhesives for conveyor belts, hoses, shoes, and as binders for woven or non-woven fibers and cords.

scholarly journals  Effect of thickening agents on perceived viscosity  and acidity of model beverages

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 442-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Panovská ◽  
A. Váchová ◽  
J. Pokorný
Keyword(s):  
Viscosity Solutions ◽  
Carboxymethyl Cellulose ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Xanthan Gum ◽  
Methyl Cellulose ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose ◽  
Hydroxyethyl Cellulose ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Thickening Agents

The effect of thickening agents &ndash; methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and xanthan gum &ndash; solutions on the sensory viscosity was investigated in the concentration range of 0&ndash;0.8%. The perceived viscosity was proportional to the logarithm of kinematic viscosity in the presence of citric and malic acids. The viscosity was inversely proportional to the acidity at the viscosity levels higher than 10 mm<sup>2</sup>/s. A liquid of high viscosity thus possess lower acidity than aqueous or low-viscosity solutions. No significant differences were found between the effects of different thickening agents. &nbsp;

scholarly journals 3D Printing of a Reactive Hydrogel Bio-Ink Using a Static Mixing Tool

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1986 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Puertas-Bartolomé ◽  
Małgorzata K. Włodarczyk-Biegun ◽  
Aránzazu del Campo ◽  
Blanca Vázquez-Lasa ◽  
Julio San Román
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Viscosity Solutions ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Soft Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Good Shape ◽  
Wide Range

Hydrogel-based bio-inks have recently attracted more attention for 3D printing applications in tissue engineering due to their remarkable intrinsic properties, such as a cell supporting environment. However, their usually weak mechanical properties lead to poor printability and low stability of the obtained structures. To obtain good shape fidelity, current approaches based on extrusion printing use high viscosity solutions, which can compromise cell viability. This paper presents a novel bio-printing methodology based on a dual-syringe system with a static mixing tool that allows in situ crosslinking of a two-component hydrogel-based ink in the presence of living cells. The reactive hydrogel system consists of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh) and partially oxidized hyaluronic acid (HAox) that undergo fast self-covalent crosslinking via Schiff base formation. This new approach allows us to use low viscosity solutions since in situ gelation provides the appropriate structural integrity to maintain the printed shape. The proposed bio-ink formulation was optimized to match crosslinking kinetics with the printing process and multi-layered 3D bio-printed scaffolds were successfully obtained. Printed scaffolds showed moderate swelling, good biocompatibility with embedded cells, and were mechanically stable after 14 days of the cell culture. We envision that this straightforward, powerful, and generalizable printing approach can be used for a wide range of materials, growth factors, or cell types, to be employed for soft tissue regeneration.

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