S2k-Leitlinie – Empfehlungen zur stationären Therapie von Patienten mit COVID-19

Pneumologie ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (02) ◽  
pp. 88-112
Author(s):  
S. Kluge ◽  
U. Janssens ◽  
T. Welte ◽  
S. Weber-Carstens ◽  
G. Schälte ◽  
...  

ZusammenfassungSeit Dezember 2019 verbreitet sich das neuartige Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome – Corona Virus-2) rasch im Sinne einer weltweiten Pandemie. Dies stellt Kliniker und Krankenhäuser vor große Herausforderungen und belastet die Gesundheitssysteme vieler Länder in einem nie dagewesenen Ausmaß. Die Mehrheit der Patienten mit Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) zeigt lediglich milde Symptome wie Husten und Fieber. Allerdings benötigen etwa 8 % eine stationäre Behandlung. Der frühzeitigen Klärung, ob eine stationäre und ggfs. intensivmedizinische Behandlung medizinisch sinnvoll und vom Patienten gewollt ist, kommt in der Pandemie eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Die akute hypoxämische respiratorische Insuffizienz mit Dyspnoe und hoher Atemfrequenz (> 30/min) führt i. d. R. zur Aufnahme auf die Intensivstation. Oft finden sich dann bereits bilaterale pulmonale Infiltrate/Konsolidierungen oder auch Lungenembolien in der Bildgebung. Im weiteren Verlauf entwickeln einige dieser Patienten ein akutes Lungenversagen (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome; ARDS). Eine Sterblichkeitsreduktion einer verfügbaren medikamentösen Therapie bei schwerer COVID-19-Erkrankung ist bisher lediglich für Dexamethason in randomisiert, kontrollierten Studien nachgewiesen. Das Hauptziel der supportiven Therapie besteht in der Sicherstellung einer ausreichenden Oxygenierung. Die invasive Beatmung und wiederholte Bauchlagerung sind dabei wichtige Elemente in der Behandlung von schwer hypoxämischen COVID-19-Patienten. Die strikte Einhaltung der Basishygiene, einschließlich der Händehygiene, sowie das korrekte Tragen von adäquater persönlicher Schutzausrüstung sind im Umgang mit den Patienten unabdingbar. Medizinisch notwendige Handlungen am Patienten, die zur Aerosolbildung führen könnten, sollten mit äußerster Sorgfalt und Vorbereitung durchgeführt werden.

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Braira Wahid ◽  
Noshaba Rani ◽  
Muhammad Idrees

Abstract After wreaking havoc on a global level with a total of 5,488,825 confirmed cases and 349,095 deaths as of May 2020, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is truly living up to the expectations of a 21st-century pandemic. Since the major cause of mortality is a respiratory failure from acute respiratory distress syndrome, the only present-day management option is supportive as the transmission relies solely on human-to-human contact. Patients suffering from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) should be tested for hyper inflammation to screen those for whom immunosuppression can increases chances of survival. As more and more clinical data surfaces, it suggests patients with mild or severe cytokine storms are at greater risk of failing fatally and hence these cytokine storms should be targets for treatment in salvaging COVID-19 patients.


Author(s):  
Subhashis Debnath ◽  
Runa Chakravorty ◽  
Donita Devi

In December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2, a novel coronavirus, initiated an outbreak of pneumonia from Wuhan in China, which rapidly spread worldwide. The outbreak was declared as “a public health emergency of international concern” by the WHO on January 30, 2020, and as a pandemic on March 11, 2020. The disease is transmitted by inhalation or contact with infected droplets and the incubation period ranges from 2 to 14 d. The symptoms are usually fever, cough, sore throat, breathlessness, fatigue, malaise among others. The disease is mild in most people; in some (usually the elderly and those with comorbidities), it may progress to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi organ dysfunction. Many people are asymptomatic. The virus spreads faster than its two ancestors the SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), but has lower fatality.


2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (14) ◽  
pp. 7062-7074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Rockx ◽  
Tracey Baas ◽  
Gregory A. Zornetzer ◽  
Bart Haagmans ◽  
Timothy Sheahan ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT Several respiratory viruses, including influenza virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), produce more severe disease in the elderly, yet the molecular mechanisms governing age-related susceptibility remain poorly studied. Advanced age was significantly associated with increased SARS-related deaths, primarily due to the onset of early- and late-stage acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pulmonary fibrosis. Infection of aged, but not young, mice with recombinant viruses bearing spike glycoproteins derived from early human or palm civet isolates resulted in death accompanied by pathological changes associated with ARDS. In aged mice, a greater number of differentially expressed genes were observed than in young mice, whose responses were significantly delayed. Differences between lethal and nonlethal virus phenotypes in aged mice could be attributed to differences in host response kinetics rather than virus kinetics. SARS-CoV infection induced a range of interferon, cytokine, and pulmonary wound-healing genes, as well as several genes associated with the onset of ARDS. Mice that died also showed unique transcriptional profiles of immune response, apoptosis, cell cycle control, and stress. Cytokines associated with ARDS were significantly upregulated in animals experiencing lung pathology and lethal disease, while the same animals experienced downregulation of the ACE2 receptor. These data suggest that the magnitude and kinetics of a disproportionately strong host innate immune response contributed to severe respiratory stress and lethality. Although the molecular mechanisms governing ARDS pathophysiology remain unknown in aged animals, these studies reveal a strategy for dissecting the genetic pathways by which SARS-CoV infection induces changes in the host response, leading to death.


2022 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 2254-55
Author(s):  
Seema Shafiq ◽  
Asim Riaz

Dear Editor, It is indeed an honour for us to contribute towards the ongoing research regarding the latest contagion, Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) as caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) leading to global pandemic with variable clinical outcomes. COVID-19 positive individuals present with a variety of signs and symptoms as sore throat, cough, fever, dyspnoea, headache, myalgia, nausea, and vomiting whereas, some develop severe acute respiratory distress syndrome with a fatality rate of about 10%.1 Possible oral findings include xerostomia, hypogeusia, and chemosensory alterations. Common routes of transmission being person-to-person via direct sneeze, cough, and droplet inhalation or by contact through mucosa of eyes, nose and saliva.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Krisna Yuarno Phatama ◽  
Sholahuddin Rhatomy, MD ◽  
Asep Santoso ◽  
Nicolaas C. Budhiparama

At the end of 2019, we faced a new variant of the coronavirus that can cause pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome-like symptoms. It started in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, and spread quickly to the whole world.This new virus is called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and can manifest as a disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). On March 13th, 2020 World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 as a global pandemic, and the story of frightening pandemic begin.


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