Measuring longitudinal nerve motion using ultrasonography

2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.D. Hough ◽  
A.P. Moore ◽  
M.P. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Nerve

Fine Structure of Planarian Neuroglial Cell

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 188-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michio Morita ◽  
Jay Boyd Best
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Ventral Nerve Cord ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Golgi Body ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Neuroglial Cell ◽  
Glutaraldehyde Solution ◽  
Deep Indentation ◽  
Cytoplasmic Processes ◽  
Longitudinal Nerve

The species of the planarian Dugesia dorotocephala was used as the experimental animal to study a neuroglial cell in the ventral nerve cord. Animals were fixed with 3% buffered glutaraldehyde solution and postfixed with 1% buffered osmium tetroxide.The neuroglial cell is multipolar, expanding into three or four cytoplasmic processes with many daughter branches. Some neuroglial processes are found to extend perpendicular to the longitudinal nerve fibers, whereas others are seen to be parallel to them. The nucleus of the neuroglial cell is irregular in shape and frequently has a deep indentation. Convex portions of the nucleus seem to be related to the areas from which cytoplasmic processes are extended. Granular endoplasmic reticulum (Fig. 4), Golgi body (Fig. 2), mitochondria (Figs. 1 and 2), microtubules (Fig. 4), and many glycogen granules are observable in the electron dense neuroglial cytoplasm. Neuroglial cells are also observed to contain various sizes of phagosomes and lipids (Fig. 2).

Immunocytochemical and radioimmunometrical demonstration of serotonin- and neuropeptide-immunoreactivities in the adult rat tapeworm,Hymenolepis diminuta(Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea)

Parasitology ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. McKay ◽  
I. Fairweather ◽  
C. F. Johnston ◽  
C. Shaw ◽  
D. W. Halton
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Cell ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Epifluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Cerebral Ganglia ◽  
Longitudinal Nerve ◽  
Small Nerve ◽  
Nerve Cords

Standard indirect immunocytochemical techniques have been interfaced with confocal scanning laser microscopy (for whole-mount preparations) and epifluorescence microscopy (for cryosections) to investigate the occurrence and distribution of serotoninergic and peptidergic nerve elements in adultH. diminuta. Serotonin (5-HT)-immunoreactivity (IR) was widespread throughout the worm, occurring in the paired cerebral ganglia, transverse commissure, the 10 longitudinal nerve cords and in a plethora of small nerve fibres of the peripheral nervous system. An abundance of serotoninergic nerve cell bodies was found in association with the lateral nerve cords. The genital atrium and accessory reproductive ducts were richly innervated with serotoninergic nerve fibres. Thirty-five antisera to 20 vertebrate regulatory peptides and 1 invertebrate peptide (FMRFamide) were used to screen the worm for neuropeptide IR. Immunostaining was obtained with antisera raised to pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide YY (PYY), neuropeptide Y (NPY), substance P (SP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), xenopsin (XP) and FMRFamide. The most extensive pattern of IR occurred with antisera to PP and PYY, IR being evident in the cerebral ganglia, transverse commissure, longitudinal nerve cords and in small nerve fibres that ramified throughout the parenchyma. A series of bipolar nerve cell bodies between the median nerve cords displayed PP/PYY-IR. The distribution of FMRFamide-IR was reminiscent of the PP/PYY pattern but was less extensive. Comparison of the serotoninergic and peptidergic nervous systems has revealed general similarities and some distinct differences, especially with regard to the distribution of immunoreactive nerve cell bodies. Quantitative data are presented on the levels of PP-, SP-, PH1-, and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)-immunoreactivities demonstrable in acid-alcohol extracts of whole worms. The highest level of peptide IR determined was recorded for PP.

Quantitative EMG analysis and longitudinal nerve conduction studies in a Refsum's disease patient

1993 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 857-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thierry Kuntzer ◽  
Fran�ois Ochsner ◽  
Florence Schmid ◽  
Franco Regli
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Conduction ◽  
Disease Patient ◽  
Nerve Conduction Studies ◽  
Refsum's Disease ◽  
Quantitative Emg ◽  
Longitudinal Nerve

Glutamate-like immunoreactivity in the cestode Hymenolepis diminuta

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 2417-2423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harley Eklove ◽  
Rodney A. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Basal Region ◽  
Light Microscopic Level ◽  
Cerebral Ganglia ◽  
Large Groups ◽  
Longitudinal Muscles ◽  
Longitudinal Nerve ◽  
Nerve Cords

Glutamate-like immunoreactivity in the cestode Hymenolepis diminuta was investigated at the light-microscopic level by immunohistochemistry with an antiglutamate antibody. Immunoreactivity was seen in the basal region of the suckers, in the rostellum, subtegumental regions, central nervous system, and longitudinal nerve cords, and in eggs. In the scolex the cerebral ganglia were diffusely immunoreactive, and immunoreactive tracts, passing from the cerebral ganglia to the suckers, were observed. The longitudinal nerve cords contained large groups of intensely stained cell bodies and processes throughout the length of the strobila. Immunoreactive tracts from the longitudinal nerve cords formed junctions with the deep longitudinal muscles only in the lateral regions of the proglottids. However, neuron-like varicose swellings were seen in the subtegumental area of the mature region. The localization of glutamate-like immunoreactivity in various parts of the nervous system and tissues of Hymenolepis diminuta provides further support for the role of glutamate as an excitatory neuromuscular transmitter in the platyhelminths.

Feeding and Digestion in the Aberrant Planarian Bdellasimilis Barwicki (Turbellaria: Tricladida: Procerodidae): an Ectosymbiote of Freshwater Turtles in Queensland and New South Wales.

1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 317 ◽  
Author(s):  
JB Jennings
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Freshwater Turtles ◽  
Insect Larvae ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatases ◽  
Gland Cells ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Columnar Cells ◽  
Longitudinal Nerve ◽  
The Brain

Bdellasimilis barwicki is an aberrant planarian, from a predominantly free-living marine family, inhabiting the limb pits of freshwater turtles in Queensland and New South Wales. It appears to feed mainly as an ectosymbiotic predator on aquatic oligochaetes and insect larvae, but laboratory observations suggest that it may also be an opportunistic commensal ingesting accidentally discarded portions of the host's food. The feeding mechanism is unique amongst triclad turbellarians in that food is taken intact into the peripharyngeal chamber, which is capable of very great expansion, and held there while the cylindrical plicate pharynx penetrates it to withdraw fragments piecemeal into the intestine. Intestinal structure is essentially the same as in other triclads, the monolayered gastrodermis being differentiated into gland cells and columnar phagocytes. Digestion, too; follows the characteristic triclad pattern; acidic proteolysis initiated in the gut lumen by endopeptidases from the gland cells is followed by phagocytosis and completion of digestion within the columnar cells by intracellular enzymes of which endopeptidases, arylamidases, and acid and alkaline phosphatases have been demonstrated histochemically. Large deposits of lipid occur in the gastrodermis, mesenchyme and vitellaria, but glycogen is found in only small amounts at these sites and in the musculature, testes and ovaries. The brain and principal longitudinal nerve cords contain large quantities of acetylcholinesterase, arylamidases and alkaline phosphatase.

Immunocytochemical demonstration of neuropeptides in the nervous system of the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda, Digenea)

Parasitology ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Magee ◽  
I. Fairweather ◽  
C. F. Johnston ◽  
D. W. Halton ◽  
C. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Liver Fluke ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Adult Fluke ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Indirect Immunofluorescence Technique ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Positive Immunoreactivity ◽  
Longitudinal Nerve

SUMMARYThe localization and distribution of neuropeptides in the nervous system of the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica at different stages in the development of the adult fluke have been determined by an indirect immunofluorescence technique, using antisera to 19 vertebrate peptides and the invertebrate neuropeptide, FMRFamide. Positive immunoreactivity was obtained with antisera to pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), substance P (SP) and FMRFamide. Cell bodies and nerve fibres immunoreactive to the 4 peptides are present in the anterior ganglia and the 3 pairs of longitudinal nerve cords and their commissures in the central nervous system. In the peripheral nervous system, immunoreactivity occurs in the nerve plexuses supplying the subtegumental musculature, the oral and ventral suckers, and the muscular lining of the male and female reproductive ducts, including the ootype, uterus, cirrus pouch and gonopore. Cells displaying immunoreactivity to PYY and FMRFamide lie amongst the Mehlis' gland cells that surround the ootype. Processes from these cells extend into the wall of the ootype. One group of PP-immunoreactive cells occurs at the junction of the vitelline and ovovitelline ducts, whilst another group is situated at the entrance to the uterus from the ootype. The results are discussed in relation to the possible roles of the peptides in the neurophysiology and egg production of the fluke.

scholarly journals A SECOND CLASS OF ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE-DEFICIENT MUTANTS OF THE NEMATODE CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS

Genetics ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph G Culotti ◽  
Gunter Von Ehrenstein ◽  
Marilyn R Culotti ◽  
Richard L Russell
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Gene Dosage ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Activity ◽  
Histochemical Staining ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Recessive Mutations ◽  
Mutant Strains ◽  
Class B ◽  
Chromosome I ◽  
Longitudinal Nerve

ABSTRACT In Johnson et al. (1981), the Caenorhabditis elegans mutant strain PR1000, homozygous for the ace-1 mutation p1000, is shown to be deficient in the class A subset of acetylcholinesterases, which comprises approximately one-half of the total C. elegans acetylcholinesterase activity. Beginning with this strain, we have isolated 487 new behavioral and morphological mutant strains. Two of these, independently derived, lack approximately 98% of the wild-type acetylcholinesterase activity and share the same specific uncoordinated phenotype; both move forward in a slow and uncoordinated manner, and when mechanically stimulated to induce reversal, both hypercontract and become temporarily paralyzed. In addition to the ace-1 mutation, both strains also harbor recessive mutations in the same newly identified gene, ace-2, which maps to chromosome I and is therefore not linked to ace-1. Gene dosage experiments suggest that ace-2 is a structural gene for the remaining class B acetylcholinesterases, which are not affected by ace-1. —The uncoordinated phenotype of the newly isolated, doubly mutant strains depends on both the ace-1 and ace-2 mutations; homozygosity for either mutation alone produces normally coordinated animals. This result implies functional overlap of the acetylcholinesterases controlled by ace-1 and ace-2, perhaps at common synapses. Consistent with this, light microscopic histochemical staining of permeabilized whole mounts indicates some areas of possible spatial overlap of these acetylcholinesterases (nerve ring, longitudinal nerve cords). In addition, there is at least one area where only ace-2-controlled acetylcholinesterase activity appears (pharyngeo-intestinal valve).

Neuropeptide F: a novel parasitic flatworm regulatory peptide from Moniezia expansa (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea)

Parasitology ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Maule ◽  
C. Shaw ◽  
D. W. Halton ◽  
L. Thim ◽  
C. F. Johnston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Form ◽  
Regulatory Peptide ◽  
Plasma Desorption Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Amino Acid Peptide ◽  
New Class ◽  
Plasma Desorption ◽  
Parasitic Flatworm ◽  
Neuropeptide F ◽  
Moniezia Expansa ◽  
Longitudinal Nerve

SUMMARYUsing a C-terminally directed pancreatic polypeptide (PP) antiserum and immunocytochemical methods, PP-immuno-reactivity (IR) was localized throughout the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous systems (PNS) of the cestode, Moniezia expansa. In the CNS, immunostaining was evident in the paired cerebral ganglia (primitive brain), connecting commissure, and the paired longitudinal nerve cords that are cross-linked by numerous regular transverse connectives. The PNS was seen to consist of a fine anastomosing nerve-net of immunoreactive fibres, many of which were closely associated with reproductive structures. Radioimmunoassay of this peptide IR in acid-alcohol extracts of the worm measured 192·8 ng/g of PP–IR. HPLC analyses of the M. expansa PP–IR identified a single molecular form which was purified to homogeneity. Plasma desorption mass spectrometry (PDMS) of purified parasite peptide resolved a single peptide with a molecular mass of 4599±10 Da. Automated gas-phase Edman degradation identified a 39-amino acid peptide with a C-terminal phenyl-alaninamide. Examination of its primary structure shows that it displays significant sequence homology with the vertebrate neuropeptide Y superfamily, suggesting that this platyhelminth-derived peptide is the phylogenetic precursor. Neuropeptide F (M. expansa) is the first regulatory peptide to be fully sequenced from the phylum Platyhelminthes and may represent a member of an important new class of invertebrate neuropeptide.

Cellular expression of a leech netrin suggests roles in the formation of longitudinal nerve tracts and in regional innervation of peripheral targets

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Biao Gan ◽  
Victoria Y. Wong ◽  
Aloysius Phillips ◽  
Charles Ma ◽  
Timothy R. Gershon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Expression ◽  
Nerve Tracts ◽  
Longitudinal Nerve
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